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Polyurethane - occupational exposure, biomarkers and symptoms

Littorin, Margareta LU (2002)
Abstract
Isocyanates may cause occupational asthma, rhinitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. However, the mechanisms behind initiation of the disorders and the relations between exposure and effect are insufficiently elucidated. Means to biomonitor exposure and risk would be valuable. A case, exposed to heated polyurethane, displayed metabolites of 4,4'-dipheylmethane diisocyanate in blood and urine, and serum IgE and IgG antibodies against isocyanates, the latter with a half-life of years. Among 166 employees in a factory, there were cross-sectional associations between spraying of polyurethane glue and metabolites of isocyanates, specific IgG antibodies, work-related (nose and lower airways) symptoms, and a slightly reduced lung function.... (More)
Isocyanates may cause occupational asthma, rhinitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. However, the mechanisms behind initiation of the disorders and the relations between exposure and effect are insufficiently elucidated. Means to biomonitor exposure and risk would be valuable. A case, exposed to heated polyurethane, displayed metabolites of 4,4'-dipheylmethane diisocyanate in blood and urine, and serum IgE and IgG antibodies against isocyanates, the latter with a half-life of years. Among 166 employees in a factory, there were cross-sectional associations between spraying of polyurethane glue and metabolites of isocyanates, specific IgG antibodies, work-related (nose and lower airways) symptoms, and a slightly reduced lung function. Heating of glue was related to metabolites of isocyanates and to the IgG antibodies. Workers using heat guns displayed a particularly high prevalence of airways symptoms. The metabolites and the IgG antibodies were associated with the airways symptoms. In a prospective approach over 2 years (totally 187 workers from the same factory), the metabolites reflected changes of exposure. The IgG antibodies predicted ¨new¨ work-related lower airways symptoms, a decrease of lung function, and sick-leave. No strong effect modifications by genetic polymorphism in GSTs or NAT2 on these associations were identified, but GSTT1, GSTP1 and NAT2 displayed some relations with symptoms and lung function. In workers (N=29) with or without work-related nose symptoms, heated glue was associated with isocyanate metabolites in urine and inflammation biomarkers in nasal lavage fluid, the latter in turn with the metabolites, isocyanate-specific IgG antibodies and symptoms. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Isocyanater kan orsaka arbetsrelaterad astma, rinit och ¨allergisk¨ lunginflammation. De mekanismer som ligger bakom initieringen av dessa tillstånd och relationerna mellan exponering och effekt är dock otillräckligt kända. Det vore värdefullt att kunna mäta exponering och risk med biologiska metoder. En patient, exponerad för upphettad polyuretan, hade metaboliter av 4,4'-difenylmetandiisocyanat (MDI) i blod och urin samt IgE- and IgG-antikroppar mot isocyanater i blodet. Antikropparna hade långa halveringstider, IgG-antikropparna ett par år. Bland 166 anställda i en fabrik fanns det i en tvärsnittsundersökning associationer mellan sprutning av polyuretanlim, å ena sidan, och... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Isocyanater kan orsaka arbetsrelaterad astma, rinit och ¨allergisk¨ lunginflammation. De mekanismer som ligger bakom initieringen av dessa tillstånd och relationerna mellan exponering och effekt är dock otillräckligt kända. Det vore värdefullt att kunna mäta exponering och risk med biologiska metoder. En patient, exponerad för upphettad polyuretan, hade metaboliter av 4,4'-difenylmetandiisocyanat (MDI) i blod och urin samt IgE- and IgG-antikroppar mot isocyanater i blodet. Antikropparna hade långa halveringstider, IgG-antikropparna ett par år. Bland 166 anställda i en fabrik fanns det i en tvärsnittsundersökning associationer mellan sprutning av polyuretanlim, å ena sidan, och isocyanatmetaboliter, specifika IgG-antikroppar mot isocyanater, arbetsrelaterade näs- och nedre luftvägssymtom och lätt reducerade lungfunktionsvärden, å andra sidan. Upphettning av lim var relaterad till isocyanatmetaboliter och till de specifika IgG-antikropparna. Arbetare som använde varmluftspistol hade särskilt hög förekomst av luftvägssymtom. Det fanns ett samband mellan metaboliter och specifika IgG-antikroppar, å ena sidan, och luftvägssymtom, å andra sidan. I en 2-års-uppföljning av (totalt 187) arbetare vid fabriken, speglades förändringar i exponeringsförhållandena i förändringar i halterna av metaboliter. IgG-antikropparna predicerade ¨nya¨ arbetsrelaterade nedre luftvägssymtom, lungfunktionsnedsättning samt sjukskrivning. Vi kunde inte påvisa några starka modifierande effekter av polymorfismer i glutathiontransferas(GSTs)- eller N-acetyltransferas(NAT2)-gener, men det fanns vissa samband mellan GSTT1, GSTP1 och NAT2, å ena sidan, och luftvägssymtom och lungfunktion, å den andra. I en särskild undersökning av 29 arbetare, med respektive utan arbetsrelaterade symtom från näsan, fanns ett samband mellan upphettning av lim och isocyanatmetaboliter i urinen och inflammationsbiomarkörer i nässköljvätska. Dessa biomarkörer var i sin tur kopplade till isocyanatmetaboliterna, till specifika IgG-antikroppar och till symtomen. (Less)
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author
supervisor
opponent
  • Maestrelli, Piero, MD, Dept. Medicina, Ambiente e Sanità Pubblica, University of Padova, Italy
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
spray, polyurethane, nose, metabolites, lung /function/, /lower/ airways, inflammation, heat, glue, genetic polymorphism, /di/isocyanate, Antibodies, biomarkers, Occupational health, industrial medicine, Yrkesmedicin, arbetsmiljömedicin, symptoms
pages
58 pages
publisher
(Margareta Littorin), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, S- 221 85 Lund, Sweden,
defense location
Lund University Hospital
defense date
2002-10-30 10:15:00
ISBN
91-628-5439-9
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Article: I Littorin M, Truedsson L, Welinder H, Skarping G, Mårtensson U, Sjöholm AG. Acute respiratory disorder, rhinoconjunctivitis and fever associated with the pyrolysis of polyurethane derived from diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994;20:216-22 Article: II Littorin M, Rylander L, Skarping, G, Dalene M, Welinder H, Strömberg U, Skerfving S. Exposure biomarkers and risk from gluing and heating of polyurethane - a cross-sectional study of respiratory symptoms. Occup Environ Med 2000;57:396-405 Article: III Littorin M, Skarping G, Dalene M, Welinder H, Skerfving S. Biomarkers and risk at gluing and heating of polyurethane – a prospective study. Insänt till Am J Ind Med. Article: IV Littorin M, Welinder Skarping G, Dalene M, Skerfving S. Exposure and nasal inflammation in workers heating polyurethane. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. Under tryckning. Tillgänglig online. Article: V Littorin M, Hou S, Broberg K, Björk J, Fält S, Abdoulaye G, Kalemba M, Ryk C, Skerfving S. Genetic polymorhism of metabolic enzymes versus metabolism and effects of diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Manuscript.
id
99ad9ee8-7950-4323-a282-c663448b336a (old id 465032)
date added to LUP
2016-04-04 11:52:06
date last changed
2018-11-21 21:07:43
@phdthesis{99ad9ee8-7950-4323-a282-c663448b336a,
  abstract     = {{Isocyanates may cause occupational asthma, rhinitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. However, the mechanisms behind initiation of the disorders and the relations between exposure and effect are insufficiently elucidated. Means to biomonitor exposure and risk would be valuable. A case, exposed to heated polyurethane, displayed metabolites of 4,4'-dipheylmethane diisocyanate in blood and urine, and serum IgE and IgG antibodies against isocyanates, the latter with a half-life of years. Among 166 employees in a factory, there were cross-sectional associations between spraying of polyurethane glue and metabolites of isocyanates, specific IgG antibodies, work-related (nose and lower airways) symptoms, and a slightly reduced lung function. Heating of glue was related to metabolites of isocyanates and to the IgG antibodies. Workers using heat guns displayed a particularly high prevalence of airways symptoms. The metabolites and the IgG antibodies were associated with the airways symptoms. In a prospective approach over 2 years (totally 187 workers from the same factory), the metabolites reflected changes of exposure. The IgG antibodies predicted ¨new¨ work-related lower airways symptoms, a decrease of lung function, and sick-leave. No strong effect modifications by genetic polymorphism in GSTs or NAT2 on these associations were identified, but GSTT1, GSTP1 and NAT2 displayed some relations with symptoms and lung function. In workers (N=29) with or without work-related nose symptoms, heated glue was associated with isocyanate metabolites in urine and inflammation biomarkers in nasal lavage fluid, the latter in turn with the metabolites, isocyanate-specific IgG antibodies and symptoms.}},
  author       = {{Littorin, Margareta}},
  isbn         = {{91-628-5439-9}},
  keywords     = {{spray; polyurethane; nose; metabolites; lung /function/; /lower/ airways; inflammation; heat; glue; genetic polymorphism; /di/isocyanate; Antibodies; biomarkers; Occupational health; industrial medicine; Yrkesmedicin; arbetsmiljömedicin; symptoms}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{(Margareta Littorin), Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, S- 221 85 Lund, Sweden,}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Polyurethane - occupational exposure, biomarkers and symptoms}},
  year         = {{2002}},
}