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Long-term follow-up after otitis media in childhood

Ryding, Marie LU (2004)
Abstract
Objective: Most preschool children have suffered from at least one episode of acute otitis media (AOM) and/or secretory otitis media (SOM). Some children have frequent AOM episodes and/or prolonged and recurrent episodes of secretory otitis media (SOM). The long-term out-come and sequelae are not fully clarified.



Subjects and methods: Out of a birth cohort followed to the age of 3 years, 12 children with 6 or more acute otitis media episodes before the age of 3 years <i>(rAOM)</i> were followed-up at the age of 10 years. Fifty-two young subjects with secretory otitis media during at least 6 years <i>(refractory SOM)</i> were followed-up after resolved SOM. The clinical course was found by... (More)
Objective: Most preschool children have suffered from at least one episode of acute otitis media (AOM) and/or secretory otitis media (SOM). Some children have frequent AOM episodes and/or prolonged and recurrent episodes of secretory otitis media (SOM). The long-term out-come and sequelae are not fully clarified.



Subjects and methods: Out of a birth cohort followed to the age of 3 years, 12 children with 6 or more acute otitis media episodes before the age of 3 years <i>(rAOM)</i> were followed-up at the age of 10 years. Fifty-two young subjects with secretory otitis media during at least 6 years <i>(refractory SOM)</i> were followed-up after resolved SOM. The clinical course was found by interviewing the subjects and from scrutiny of medical records. Tympanic membrane changes were detected by otomicroscopy and audiometric examinations were performed. The Eustachian tube function was examined in the SOM group. The results were compared with control groups.



Results: <i>The rAOM group</i> continued to have more AOM episodes than the controls up to the age of 7 years. When compared with the controls, the rAOM subject had higher hearing levels at high-frequency (8 - 16 kHz) and acoustic middle ear reflex thresholds were elevated, the middle ear compliance was higher and the middle ear pressures were lower. Myringosclerosis was found in 58% of the rAOM group.



Patients whose onset of <i>refractory SOM</i> was related to an episode of acute otitis media were younger at SOM debut than those who had no such relation. Otorrhea and AOM episodes were more frequent during the SOM periods with blocked or expelled tubes than during periods with patent tubes. The SOM group had poorer hearing than the controls at all air conduction frequencies except 1.5 kHz in the range 0.125–16 kHz, and at some of the bone conduction frequencies. The hearing loss was worst for the highest frequencies. Those with the most protracted disease had the highest high frequency thresholds. This was not related to an increased duration of time spent with middle ear effusion but to numerous myringotomies and tube insertions and longer total duration spent with patent tubes.



The youngest subjects with previous SOM had more atrophy than the older subjects and more myringosclerosis was observed in subjects with shorter interval between SOM ending and examination. The SOM subjects had significantly poorer active tubal function than the controls; i.e. poorer inability to equilibrate negative or negative and positive middle ear pressure. The majority of the SOM subjects still experienced some kind of discomfort in their ears at the time of examination.



Conclusion: Protracted and/or recurrent otitis media may result in impaired hearing despite meticulous controls during the disease history. The impaired hearing at follow-up of subjects with refractory SOM in childhood has a partly cochlear origin in some, but not all, cases. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Bakgrund: Öroninflammation är vanligt förekommande i barnaåren. De flesta barn har haft minst en episod med akut varig öroninflammation (AOM) och/eller en period med vätska i mellanörat (SOM) före skolstart. De flesta får enstaka episoder, frekvensen av AOM avtar i 2-års åldern och frekvensen av SOM avtar före skolstart. Efter en AOM episod är det vanligt att man under kortare eller längre tid har kvar vätska i mellanörat. En del barn får upprepade AOM och/eller långdragna och recidiverande perioder med SOM. Detta behandlas med ventilation av mellanörat genom att ett litet plaströr placeras tvärs genom trumhinnan. Förloppet och eventuella komplikationer efter upprepade och långdragna... (More)
Popular Abstract in Swedish

Bakgrund: Öroninflammation är vanligt förekommande i barnaåren. De flesta barn har haft minst en episod med akut varig öroninflammation (AOM) och/eller en period med vätska i mellanörat (SOM) före skolstart. De flesta får enstaka episoder, frekvensen av AOM avtar i 2-års åldern och frekvensen av SOM avtar före skolstart. Efter en AOM episod är det vanligt att man under kortare eller längre tid har kvar vätska i mellanörat. En del barn får upprepade AOM och/eller långdragna och recidiverande perioder med SOM. Detta behandlas med ventilation av mellanörat genom att ett litet plaströr placeras tvärs genom trumhinnan. Förloppet och eventuella komplikationer efter upprepade och långdragna öroninflammationer är inte tillräckligt kartlagda.



Patienter: <i>AOM:</i> Barn med recidiverande AOM (rAOM) före 3 års ålder (= minst 6 AOM under loppet av en 12-månaders period) jämfördes med barn som inte haft någon AOM före 3 års ålder. Båda grupperna tillhörde en skara barn som tidigare har följts noggrant från födseln fram till 3 års ålder med avseende på bl.a. övre luftvägsinfektioner och AOM.



<i>SOM:</i> Alla patienter som under 1980-talet behandlades för långdragen SOM av en av klinikens specialister registrerades löpande. De patienter som hade kontinuerlig mellanörevätska i minst 6 år i varje öra, endast avbrutet av perioder med ventilationsrör genom trumhinnan, utgjorde SOM patienterna (52 personer). De jämfördes med en grupp studenter som aldrig haft SOM och endast enstaka AOM episoder.



Metoder: Patienter eller deras föräldrar intervjuades och patienternas samtliga journaler, såväl från hälsocentraler som från sjukhuskliniker, rekvirerades. Alla besök noterades tillsammans med uppgifter om öronstatus, AOM, kirurgiska ingrepp, m.m. Uppföljning av rAOM-barnen gjordes vid 10 års ålder. Uppföljning av SOM gruppen gjordes i genomsnitt 7 år efter att vätskan försvunnit från mellanörat. Vid uppföljningen undersöktes trumhinnorna med mikroskop. Hörseln testades med ett urval av mätmetoder och mellanörats funktion undersöktes. I SOM gruppen testades örontrumpetens funktion i tryckkammare.



Resultat: <i>AOM:</i> Upp till skolstarten fortsatte gruppen med frekventa AOM före 3 års ålder att ha fler AOM, men var för övrigt inte sjukare än sin ”friska” kontrollgrupp. De flesta hade någon typ av trumhinneförändring, scleros (ärrbildning) var det dominerande fyndet. De barn som fick rör före 3 års ålder hade mera ärr på sina trumhinnor än de som fick rör först efter 3 års ålder. AOM gruppen hade sämre hörsel än kontrollerna i de högsta frekvenserna (8-16 kHz), men hörde lika bra i de lägre frekvenserna (.125-8kHz). De lägre frekvenserna speglar talområdet. AOM gruppen hade mera undertryck i mellanörat och uppvisade en ökad rörlighet av trumhinnan.



<i>SOM:</i> Patienterna behandlades mellan 6 och 26 år för SOM. De fick i genomsnitt 7 rör i varje öra, maximala antalet rör var 20 i ett öra. De hade i genomsnitt 78 besök på ÖNH-kliniken. De barn som fick sin SOM i anslutning till en AOM episod blev sjuka tidigare i livet än de som inte hade någon AOM episod före SOM. I genomsnitt fick gruppen ”rinnande öra” en gång vartannat år så länge rören fungerade. Vid uppföljningen fann vi att de flesta hade någon form av trumhinneförändring, vanligen tunna och indragna trumhinnor, mindre vanligt med ärrbildningar. Enstaka patienter hade opererats för cholesteatom (s.k. pärlcysta) och ca 5% av patienterna hade, eller hade opererats p.g.a. hål på ena trumhinnan. De flesta patienterna hade öronbesvär vid flygning och dykning. Endast vart tredje öra i SOM gruppen hade god funktion av örontrumpeten; i kontrollgruppen hade alla utom en god funktion i båda örontrumpeterna. Majoriteten i SOM gruppen kunde inte, eller endast delvis, utjämna tryckskillnader i mellanörat. Resterande hade en öppetstående örontrumpet. SOM gruppen hörde sämre än kontrollgruppen över hela frekvensområdet, dvs även talområdet. Inga skillnader sågs i mellanöretryck och endast delvis i trumhinnans rörlighet. Däremot noterades skillnader i tester som tyder på skador i innerörat hos SOM gruppen (bl.a. test av hörseln när ljudet leds via skallens ben istället för via luften).



Slutsatser: Upprepade och extremt långdragna öroninflammationer kan ge hörselskador. Upprepade AOM ger hörselnedsättning i det högfrekventa hörområdet. Långdragen SOM ger hörselnedsättning över hela hörselområdet, där orsaken hos en del, men inte alla, finns i innerörat. De flesta som haft långdragna besvär med vätska i mellanörat har svårigheter att tryckutjämna i mellanörat och många har kvarstående besvär vid flygning och dykning. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
supervisor
opponent
  • Professor Hellström, Sten, Umeå University Hospital
organization
publishing date
type
Thesis
publication status
published
subject
keywords
Otorhinolaryngology, audiology, hörsel- och talorganen, audiologi, auditive system and speech, Otorinolaryngologi, tympanic membrane pathology., otitis media with effusion, hearing loss, follow-up, acute otitis media, Eustachian tube
pages
104 pages
publisher
Marie Ryding, Dept of Otorhinolaryngology, Östersunds Hospital, 83183 Östersund,
defense location
Segerfalksalen, Lund University Hospital
defense date
2004-10-15 10:15:00
ISBN
91-85313-01-7
language
English
LU publication?
yes
additional info
Article: Sequelae of Recurrent Acute Otitis Media. Ten-year Follow-up of a Prospectively Studied Cohort of Children.Ryding M, Konradsson K, Kalm O and Prellner KActa Paediatr 86:1997:1208-13. Article: Auditory Consequences of Recurrent Acute Purulent Otitis MediaRyding M, Konradsson K, Kalm O and Prellner KAnn Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2002;111:261-6. Article: The Course and Long-term Outcome of “Refractory” Secretory Otitis MediaRyding M, White P and Kalm OSubmitted to J Otol Laryngol 2004 Article: Eustachian Tube Function and Tympanic Membrane Findings after Chronic Secretory Otitis MediaRyding M, White P and Kalm OInt J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;68:197-204. Article: Hearing Loss after “Refractory” Secretory Otitis MediaRyding M, Konradsson K, White P and Kalm OAccepted for publication in Acta Otolaryngol 2004
id
4b8a6151-6b12-413e-9459-667ee5b72f7e (old id 467290)
date added to LUP
2016-04-04 10:24:16
date last changed
2018-11-21 20:58:34
@phdthesis{4b8a6151-6b12-413e-9459-667ee5b72f7e,
  abstract     = {{Objective: Most preschool children have suffered from at least one episode of acute otitis media (AOM) and/or secretory otitis media (SOM). Some children have frequent AOM episodes and/or prolonged and recurrent episodes of secretory otitis media (SOM). The long-term out-come and sequelae are not fully clarified.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Subjects and methods: Out of a birth cohort followed to the age of 3 years, 12 children with 6 or more acute otitis media episodes before the age of 3 years &lt;i&gt;(rAOM)&lt;/i&gt; were followed-up at the age of 10 years. Fifty-two young subjects with secretory otitis media during at least 6 years &lt;i&gt;(refractory SOM)&lt;/i&gt; were followed-up after resolved SOM. The clinical course was found by interviewing the subjects and from scrutiny of medical records. Tympanic membrane changes were detected by otomicroscopy and audiometric examinations were performed. The Eustachian tube function was examined in the SOM group. The results were compared with control groups.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Results: &lt;i&gt;The rAOM group&lt;/i&gt; continued to have more AOM episodes than the controls up to the age of 7 years. When compared with the controls, the rAOM subject had higher hearing levels at high-frequency (8 - 16 kHz) and acoustic middle ear reflex thresholds were elevated, the middle ear compliance was higher and the middle ear pressures were lower. Myringosclerosis was found in 58% of the rAOM group.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Patients whose onset of &lt;i&gt;refractory SOM&lt;/i&gt; was related to an episode of acute otitis media were younger at SOM debut than those who had no such relation. Otorrhea and AOM episodes were more frequent during the SOM periods with blocked or expelled tubes than during periods with patent tubes. The SOM group had poorer hearing than the controls at all air conduction frequencies except 1.5 kHz in the range 0.125–16 kHz, and at some of the bone conduction frequencies. The hearing loss was worst for the highest frequencies. Those with the most protracted disease had the highest high frequency thresholds. This was not related to an increased duration of time spent with middle ear effusion but to numerous myringotomies and tube insertions and longer total duration spent with patent tubes.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
The youngest subjects with previous SOM had more atrophy than the older subjects and more myringosclerosis was observed in subjects with shorter interval between SOM ending and examination. The SOM subjects had significantly poorer active tubal function than the controls; i.e. poorer inability to equilibrate negative or negative and positive middle ear pressure. The majority of the SOM subjects still experienced some kind of discomfort in their ears at the time of examination.<br/><br>
<br/><br>
Conclusion: Protracted and/or recurrent otitis media may result in impaired hearing despite meticulous controls during the disease history. The impaired hearing at follow-up of subjects with refractory SOM in childhood has a partly cochlear origin in some, but not all, cases.}},
  author       = {{Ryding, Marie}},
  isbn         = {{91-85313-01-7}},
  keywords     = {{Otorhinolaryngology; audiology; hörsel- och talorganen; audiologi; auditive system and speech; Otorinolaryngologi; tympanic membrane pathology.; otitis media with effusion; hearing loss; follow-up; acute otitis media; Eustachian tube}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Marie Ryding, Dept of Otorhinolaryngology, Östersunds Hospital, 83183 Östersund,}},
  school       = {{Lund University}},
  title        = {{Long-term follow-up after otitis media in childhood}},
  year         = {{2004}},
}