@article{0eaaf9f8-765f-4ebc-8115-875d860ff59c,
  abstract     = {{<p>Disruptions in gut microbiome are implicated in cardiometabolic disorders and other health outcomes. Antibiotics are known gut microbiome disruptors, but their long-term consequences remain underexplored. Here we combined individual-level data from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register with fecal metagenomes of 14,979 adults to examine the association between oral antibiotic use over 8 years and gut microbiome. In multivariable confounder-adjusted regression models, antibiotic use &lt;1 year before fecal sampling was associated with the greatest reduction in species diversity, but significant associations were also observed for use 1-4 and 4-8 years earlier. Clindamycin, fluoroquinolones and flucloxacillin accounted for most of the associations with the abundance of individual species. Use of these antibiotics 4-8 years earlier was associated with altered abundance of 10-15% of the species studied; penicillin V, extended-spectrum penicillins and nitrofurantoin were associated with only a few species. Similar results were found comparing one antibiotic course 4-8 years before sampling versus none in the past 8 years. These findings indicate that antibiotics may have long-lasting consequences for the gut microbiome.</p>}},
  author       = {{Baldanzi, Gabriel and Larsson, Anna and Sayols-Baixeras, Sergi and Dekkers, Koen F and Hammar, Ulf and Nguyen, Diem and Graells, Tíscar and Ahmad, Shafqat and Gazolla Volpiano, Camila and Meric, Guillaume and Järhult, Josef D and Tängdén, Thomas and Ludvigsson, Jonas F and Lind, Lars and Sundström, Johan and Michaëlsson, Karl and Ärnlöv, Johan and Kennedy, Beatrice and Orho-Melander, Marju and Fall, Tove}},
  issn         = {{1546-170X}},
  keywords     = {{Antibiotics; Epidemiolgy; Metagenomics}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  month        = {{03}},
  publisher    = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  series       = {{Nature Medicine}},
  title        = {{Antibiotic use and gut microbiome composition links from individual-level prescription data of 14,979 individuals}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04284-y}},
  doi          = {{10.1038/s41591-026-04284-y}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}