@article{27995b7e-7bbb-4b59-a570-a1a6ee886e3f,
  abstract     = {{<p>Study region: The Missouri River Basin, located between the states of Nebraska and Iowa, USA. Study focus: Water level (WL) and discharge (Q) are key hydrological variables, accurate prediction of which in both long-term and short-term (extreme events) scenarios is essential for water resources and flood risk management. We propose a novel hybrid deep learning architecture, CNN-NLSTM-SA, which integrates a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) branch for extracting local features and a Multi-State LSTM (NLSTM) branch for capturing long-term temporal dependencies. NLSTM, with its child-parent structure, enhances memory propagation and mitigates vanishing and exploding gradients. The outputs of these two branches are fused through a multi-head Self-Attention (SA) mechanism, enabling the model to automatically emphasize the most informative representations. New hydrological insight: The proposed model is evaluated for both long-term and short-term forecasting scales. The long-term scenario leverages extensive historical data to provide a large set of training data, whereas the short-term scenario focuses on extreme events with limited training samples. To mimic real-world operational challenges in poorly gauged or data-scarce basins, the model is also tested under varying station-availability conditions using a Leave-n-Station-Out (LnSO) validation strategy. An ablation study comparing CNN-NLSTM-SA with several single- and dual-branch alternatives (CNN-LSTM-SA, LSTM-SA, CNN-SA, CNN-LSTM) shows the superior performance of the proposed architecture. Overall, CNN-NLSTM-SA demonstrates strong potential for WL and Q prediction in both data-rich and data-limited environments.</p>}},
  author       = {{Ahmadi Gharehtoragh, Milad and Mehran, Ali and Destouni, Georgia and Taheri Dehkordi, Alireza}},
  issn         = {{2214-5818}},
  keywords     = {{Artificial Intelligence; Deep Learning; Environmental Modelling; Hydrology; Water Resources Management}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  series       = {{Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies}},
  title        = {{A novel hybrid dual-stream deep learning architecture integrating multi-state LSTM, CNN, and multi-head self-attention for water level and discharge prediction (Missouri River Basin, USA)}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103523}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103523}},
  volume       = {{65}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}