@inproceedings{7d54abe6-ce43-4049-b604-627af7fd4f6c,
  abstract     = {{<p>This paper evaluates the multi-service operation of a heterogeneous second-life battery energy storage system (ESS) participating in the day-ahead electricity market and frequency containment reserves (FCR-N, FCR-D Up, FCR-D Down). A rolling horizon mixed integer linear programming (MILP) is developed to co-optimize market revenues, power schedule, and degradation, using linearized calendar and cycle aging models derived from BLAST simulations. The 20-pack second-life ESS (0.978 MWh, 0.874 MW) is formed by duplicating ten distinct EV battery types to reflect realistic repurposing scenarios. Simulation results show strong economic performance, achieving €319,109 in annual profit, dominated by FCR-D Up, FCR-D Down, and FCR-N capacity revenues, while degradation costs remain low (€14,454). Power dispatching patterns reveal that high-power chemistries absorb most regulation events, whereas high-energy chemistries provide long-duration buffering and maintain stable SoE. The results demonstrate that properly optimized heterogeneous second-life batteries can deliver profitable and reliable multi-service grid support with controlled aging.</p>}},
  author       = {{Li, Huan and Grimm, Ferdinand and Alakula, Mats}},
  booktitle    = {{Proceedings - 2025 7th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies, CEECT 2025}},
  editor       = {{Lie, Tek-Tjing and Yu, Juan and Hou, Hui}},
  isbn         = {{9798331550998}},
  keywords     = {{aging-aware control; battery degradation; frequency containment reserve (FCR); MILP; mixed-chemistry energy storage; multiservice optimization; Second-life batteries}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  pages        = {{475--480}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.}},
  title        = {{Aging-Aware Multi-Service Optimization of Heterogeneous Second-Life EV Battery Energy Storage Systems}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CEECT67814.2025.11393169}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/CEECT67814.2025.11393169}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}