@article{b08b81c1-578d-4f97-920d-45a1120bdfb8,
  abstract     = {{Background<br/>The Job Demand–Control–Support (JD-C-S) model evaluates how psychosocial work factors affect health and performance. We examined how demographics, job title, and experience influence demand, control, and support among Ghanaian pharmacy staff.<br/>Methods<br/>A cross-sectional survey of pharmacy personnel from Tamale and Sagnerigu was conducted using the JD-C-S questionnaire. Demand and control items were scored on a five-point Likert scale. For the main analyses, demand and control scores were dichotomized using sample median cut-offs (demand = 3.0; control/support = 3.5) and combined to classify participants into four job-strain categories: high strain, low strain, active, and passive. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analyses using linear regression with continuous JD-C-S scale scores were performed.<br/>Results<br/>There were 117 pharmacy personnel (mean age 26.7; 42% female). Passive (43.6%) and active jobs (29.1%) were the most common, followed by high-strain (18.8%) and low-strain (8.5%) jobs. Job demand means were significantly higher in participants aged ≤30 years than in younger (3.16 vs. 2.55, p &lt; 0.001), as was job control means (3.50 vs. 2.82, p &lt;0.001). Medicine counter assistants had significantly higher odds of high-strain jobs compared with pharmacists (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.01–7.77). Sensitivity analyses indicated that medicine counter assistants experienced lower job control than pharmacists (β-coefficient −0.38, 95% CI −0.71 to −0.05).<br/>Conclusions<br/>Job title, experience, age, and sex shape the psychosocial work profiles of pharmacy personnel, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to reduce stress and support well-being.}},
  author       = {{Dogbey, Godwin and Hiller, Adriana-Maria and Zinale, Awaanu-Lah and Baiden, Seth Atta and Kisiel, Marta A.}},
  issn         = {{2093-7911}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{223--230}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  series       = {{Safety and Health at Work}},
  title        = {{Job Strain Profiles in Pharmacy Workforce: Evidence from the Job Demand, Control, and Support Model in Ghana}},
  url          = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.007}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.007}},
  volume       = {{17}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}