@misc{9230933,
  abstract     = {{The recast Energy Performance of Buildings Directive introduces binding Minimum Energy Performance Standards for existing non-residential buildings, requiring Member States to identify and renovate the worst-performing segments of their building stock. This study develops and applies an integrated framework for evaluating energy renovation measures in office buildings, addressing building category selection, model fitting under data uncertainty, and techno-economic assessment of renovation packages.

Two office buildings of similar construction period in Stockholm, both connected to district heating, were selected as case studies. Building energy models were developed and fitted against measured heating energy data, based on the most impactful parameters, followed by a parametric simulation evaluated against the calibration criteria of ASHRAE Guideline 14. Three energy models were retained per building to preserve residual modelling uncertainty. Among the input parameters investigated, ventilation system parameters showed the strongest influence on simulated heating demand.

A systematically selected set of renovation combinations was evaluated through parametric simulation, assessed using energy savings and simple payback time for individual measures and a profitability framework for packages. Ventilation-related measures, specifically AHU replacement and conversion from constant to variable air volume operation, consistently delivered the highest energy savings combined with short payback times across both buildings and all energy models with average return on investment of 27 % and 40 %, respectively. At the package level, the replacement of the air handling unit together with LED lighting formed a high-return renovation package with a cumulative return on investment above 30 %. The further conversion of the ventilation system control from constant air volume to variable air volume increased the energy savings while keeping the package return on investment above 25 %. Adding roof insulation to the package consistently yielded moderate returns, with a cumulative return on investment of approximately 20 %. Window replacement provided a secondary contribution but highly sensitive to the precondition of the existing windows, at substantially higher investment cost. Lighting and pump replacement had marginal impact on total energy use despite relatively low investment.

The ranking of measures remained consistent across the three energy models selected per building, suggesting limited impact on the choice of interventions to modelling uncertainty for the building characteristics studied. The methodology supports structured identification of effective renovation pathways for office buildings sharing similar functional characteristics, providing a pathway to support energy improvement required by Minimum Energy Performance Standards under the recast Energy Performance of Buildings Directive.}},
  author       = {{Compean Becerra, Ana Sofia and Jafar Zadeh Afshari, Sakineh}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Energy renovation of non-residential buildings in Sweden}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}