@misc{9238109,
  abstract     = {{Extreme rainfall can disrupt public transport networks by flooding stops, route segments, and transfer connections. This study assesses the vulnerability and structural resilience of Gothenburg’s multimodal public transport network under a climate-adapted 100-year rainfall scenario. It also examines whether walking-scooter transfer links, which represent transfers using walking access and shared e-scooters, can improve network connectivity after flood disruption.
Public transport data from GTFS Sverige 2 were used to construct a baseline network including bus, tram, train, and ferry services. Flood impacts were modelled by overlaying stops and route edges with flood-depth data and applying mode-specific failure thresholds. Two disrupted networks were then constructed: a direct-impact network and a route-impact network. Scooter trip records and road network data were used to identify scooter hotspots and construct walking-only and walking-scooter transfer links. Six network scenarios were converted into undirected weighted NetworkX graphs, and resilience indicators were calculated.
The results show that flood disruption strongly reduced network connectivity. Bus and tram were the most affected modes. For train services, all stops remained active, while all train route edges were classified as directly failed. In the route-impact network, only a small part of the original network remained connected. After adding walking-scooter transfer links, connectivity, local reachability, and robustness improved to different degrees, but the improvement was limited. Overall, shared e-scooters can provide supplementary local connections under flood disruption, but they cannot fully replace disrupted public transport services.}},
  author       = {{Yang, Zihui}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  series       = {{Student thesis series INES}},
  title        = {{Vulnerability and resilience analysis of multimodal public transport networks under extreme rainfall: A case study in Gothenburg}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}