@misc{9244006,
  abstract     = {{In the southwestern part of Skåne, the bedrock consists mainly of limestone, followed by sedimentary soils. Limestone differs from other rock types due to its relatively low strength and often fractured structure. This results in it being classified as a weak rock in many cases. These properties affect the design of retaining structures, their embedment depth and the effects of actions that develop. Since limestone is a heterogeneous material with varying structure and properties, practical design should take the sensitivity of the properties of the soil into account.

In Denmark and Copenhagen, limestone is common, and much of the research carried out on similar types of limestone originates from there. In this thesis, an analysis of how the different material parameters of the limestone governs the embedment depth and the effects of actions is presented. The limestone was modelled in both a limit equilibrium model (LEM) and finite element (FEM) calculations. The aim was also to provide guidance on what should be taken into account when dimensioning retaining structures in fractured limestone in the future.

The literature study showed that during the construction of the city tunnel in Malmö, a comprehensive site investigation was carried out to characterize the limestone. The preliminary investigations showed that limestone had properties including high compressive strength and lower tensile strength. To investigate the issues, two models of the limestone were made: equilibrium calculations with earth pressure and finite element calculations in PLAXIS. In the equilibrium calculations, the limestone was modelled based on its angle of friction and effective cohesion, while PLAXIS could take further strength parameters into account.

The results showed that the limestone should be modelled with drained soil parameters. The depth of impact is greater in the softer hardness classes. This can be explained partly because the sheet pile needs a larger support to achieve equilibrium, and partly because, in softer soil conditions, it makes it possible to drive the sheet pile down further. The effects of action differ greatly between the different models. In equilibrium calculations, the load effects are significantly higher than in PLAXIS. For simpler structures, the equilibrium calculations can provide a good overview of the conditions, but if the retaining structure is to be installed under more critical conditions, it is better to use a PLAXIS model.}},
  author       = {{Bengtsson, Sara}},
  issn         = {{0349-4977}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  series       = {{TVGT-5000}},
  title        = {{Uppsprucket kalkberg-påverkan på stödkonsturktioner}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}