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Estimation of the soil moisture distribution in the Tamne River Basin, Upper East Region, Ghana

Asserup, Per and Eklöf, Martin (2000) In Lunds universitets Naturgeografiska institution - Seminarieuppsatser
Dept of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science
Abstract
Northern Ghana experiences one dry season per year, but severe droughts may occur
more infrequently. This is of concern to the local farmers of the Tamne River Basin
(northeast Ghana) who depend on adequate rainfall amounts during the rainy season.
Unfavourable precipitation amounts may lead to catastrophic consequences. It is
therefore crucial to develop methods for predicting the distribution of soil moisture in
the region. In this way, locations more sensitive to drought may be delineated.
A high quality DEM was constructed over the region as topography is considered to
be an important control on soil moisture. This was accomplished by combining
elevation and linear features representing streams in the interpolation routine. The... (More)
Northern Ghana experiences one dry season per year, but severe droughts may occur
more infrequently. This is of concern to the local farmers of the Tamne River Basin
(northeast Ghana) who depend on adequate rainfall amounts during the rainy season.
Unfavourable precipitation amounts may lead to catastrophic consequences. It is
therefore crucial to develop methods for predicting the distribution of soil moisture in
the region. In this way, locations more sensitive to drought may be delineated.
A high quality DEM was constructed over the region as topography is considered to
be an important control on soil moisture. This was accomplished by combining
elevation and linear features representing streams in the interpolation routine. The
importance of topography relative to soil moisture was examined by using an index
that reflects both the specific drainage area and local slope. As soil type and
vegetation are also characteristics controlling the hydrologic response of a
catchment, they were also included as two simple indices. The aforementioned
variables were evaluated against 94 soil samples, distributed along seven transects,
from which soil moisture was derived.
The analysis showed that a statistical model that provides consistent results in terms
of predicting soil moisture distribution was difficult to achieve for the entire basin.
Only one statistical model was applicable to the whole basin; the one including soil
texture. It is of limited utility however, since detailed data concerning the spatial
distribution of soil properties was not available. The assumptions underlying the
construction and use of the wetness index limit its application to homogeneous subbasins.
This is shown by the more reliable results from the transects. Topography is
shown to be less influential than expected. Conversely, soil texture provided the key
for mapping the distribution of soil moisture under wet conditions. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Under de senaste årtiondena har norra Ghana drabbats av missväxt i samband med torka vid ett flertal tillfällen. Jordbrukarna i området är beroende av den mängd nederbörd som faller under den enda regnperioden, mellan april och september. En avvikelse från den årliga medelnederbörden kan därför medföra en reducering eller fullständig kollaps av spannmålsproduktionen. Det är viktigt att kunna uppskatta markvattnets rumsliga fördelning i ett jordbrukslandskap, eftersom att detta kan utnyttjas för att finna områden som är mer eller mindre känsliga för torka.

Syftet med detta arbete är att testa olika befintliga metoder för uppskattning av markvattnets fördelning i en semi-arid miljö, med tonvikt på... (More)
Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Under de senaste årtiondena har norra Ghana drabbats av missväxt i samband med torka vid ett flertal tillfällen. Jordbrukarna i området är beroende av den mängd nederbörd som faller under den enda regnperioden, mellan april och september. En avvikelse från den årliga medelnederbörden kan därför medföra en reducering eller fullständig kollaps av spannmålsproduktionen. Det är viktigt att kunna uppskatta markvattnets rumsliga fördelning i ett jordbrukslandskap, eftersom att detta kan utnyttjas för att finna områden som är mer eller mindre känsliga för torka.

Syftet med detta arbete är att testa olika befintliga metoder för uppskattning av markvattnets fördelning i en semi-arid miljö, med tonvikt på topografins betydelse. Topografins påverkan representeras här av ett index, som utvärderades mot i Ghana uppmätta värden på jordfuktighet. De topografiska index som skapades, bygger på storleken av den yta som kan bidra med flöde till en bestämd punkt, samt lutningen i denna punkt. De topografiska index-värdena varierar således beroende på terrängens utseende. Tre olika metoder användes vid beräkning av indexet, där skillnaden metoderna emellan är hantering av flödesdistribuering samt tidsberoende. Beräkning av topografiska index kräver att en digital höjdmodell (DEM) finns tillgänglig. En sådan konstruerades därför genom interpolering av digitala topografiska kartor för det aktuella området.

Analys av data visade att metoder, i vilka det topografiska indexet baseras på förenklade spridningsalgoritmer, som ofta förekommer i kommersiella GIS-program, är mindre bra på att förklara markvattnets fördelning. Istället bör index baseras på mer verklighetstrogna spridningsalgoritmer, som ofta ej finns att tillgå i kommersiella GIS-paket.

Utnyttjande av topografiska index är inte problemfritt. Beroende på ett antal antaganden i teorin bakom metoden, passar den bättre för mindre, homogena subdräneringsområden, än för större heterogena ytor. Nyttjande av metoden är även begränsad i tiden, eftersom att den förutsätter förhållandevis fuktiga förhållanden, vilka i detta område endast råder under regnperioden. Andra topografiska parametrar kan bättre förklara markvattnets fördelning under torrare förhållanden. Analyserna visade vidare att topografin är underordnad jordartsspecifika parametrar vad gäller fördelning av markvatten under fuktiga förhållanden. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Asserup, Per and Eklöf, Martin
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Uppskattning av markvattnets fördelning i Tamne River Basin, Upper East Region, Ghana
year
type
H1 - Master's Degree (One Year)
subject
keywords
physical geography, soil Moisture, wetness index, topography, hydrological modelling, GIS, geographical information systems, geomorphology, pedology, cartography, climatology, naturgeografi, geomorfologi, marklära, kartografi, klimatologi
publication/series
Lunds universitets Naturgeografiska institution - Seminarieuppsatser
report number
67
funder
SIDA, Minor Field Study programme (MFS)
language
English
id
1332898
date added to LUP
2005-10-31 00:00:00
date last changed
2011-11-28 13:25:28
@misc{1332898,
  abstract     = {{Northern Ghana experiences one dry season per year, but severe droughts may occur
more infrequently. This is of concern to the local farmers of the Tamne River Basin
(northeast Ghana) who depend on adequate rainfall amounts during the rainy season.
Unfavourable precipitation amounts may lead to catastrophic consequences. It is
therefore crucial to develop methods for predicting the distribution of soil moisture in
the region. In this way, locations more sensitive to drought may be delineated.
A high quality DEM was constructed over the region as topography is considered to
be an important control on soil moisture. This was accomplished by combining
elevation and linear features representing streams in the interpolation routine. The
importance of topography relative to soil moisture was examined by using an index
that reflects both the specific drainage area and local slope. As soil type and
vegetation are also characteristics controlling the hydrologic response of a
catchment, they were also included as two simple indices. The aforementioned
variables were evaluated against 94 soil samples, distributed along seven transects,
from which soil moisture was derived.
The analysis showed that a statistical model that provides consistent results in terms
of predicting soil moisture distribution was difficult to achieve for the entire basin.
Only one statistical model was applicable to the whole basin; the one including soil
texture. It is of limited utility however, since detailed data concerning the spatial
distribution of soil properties was not available. The assumptions underlying the
construction and use of the wetness index limit its application to homogeneous subbasins.
This is shown by the more reliable results from the transects. Topography is
shown to be less influential than expected. Conversely, soil texture provided the key
for mapping the distribution of soil moisture under wet conditions.}},
  author       = {{Asserup, Per and Eklöf, Martin}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  series       = {{Lunds universitets Naturgeografiska institution - Seminarieuppsatser}},
  title        = {{Estimation of the soil moisture distribution in the Tamne River Basin, Upper East Region, Ghana}},
  year         = {{2000}},
}