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The Late Silurian Lau Event and brachiopods from Gotland, Sweden

Gustavsson, Lena (2005) In Dissertations in Geology at Lund University
Department of Geology
Abstract
The impact of the Ludfordian Lau Primo-Secundo Event on brachiopods from Gotland has been investigated. About 12 000 individuals were identified from five samples. The results are supplemented by an extensive literature study. On Gotland, the Lau Event spans the Botvide Mbr (uppermost När Fm, upper Hemse Group) and the Eke Fm. It caused extinctions, faunal, sedimentary and isotopic changes. Conodonts responded heavily; more than 50% of the taxa became extinct or disappeared and during the later part of the event the conodont fauna became dominated by a single taxon. Brachiopod diversity was not as dramatically affected, but there was a considerable faunal re-organisation. Based on mainly brachiopod frequencies and ranges, the investigated... (More)
The impact of the Ludfordian Lau Primo-Secundo Event on brachiopods from Gotland has been investigated. About 12 000 individuals were identified from five samples. The results are supplemented by an extensive literature study. On Gotland, the Lau Event spans the Botvide Mbr (uppermost När Fm, upper Hemse Group) and the Eke Fm. It caused extinctions, faunal, sedimentary and isotopic changes. Conodonts responded heavily; more than 50% of the taxa became extinct or disappeared and during the later part of the event the conodont fauna became dominated by a single taxon. Brachiopod diversity was not as dramatically affected, but there was a considerable faunal re-organisation. Based on mainly brachiopod frequencies and ranges, the investigated interval have been subdivided into five parts: before and after the event, and early, intermediate and late during the event.

Out of the 63 listed taxa in this study, 42 existed already before the investigated interval. However, only 27 taxa are reported from the När Fm and only 18 from localities containing strata deposited before the onset of the event. Ten of those are for the first time proven to occur in the upper När Fm. During the early part of the event at least five taxa became extinct (e.g. Jonesea grayi, Atrypa (A.) sowerbyi, cf. Kirkidium knighti) and five other first appeared (Ptychopleurella bouchardi, Atrypa (A.) alata, Endrea ekenia, Navispira pusilla, Boucotinskia sulcata). More than nine Lazarus taxa are also reported from the early part, the majority known form a wide range of facies. The intermediate part of the Lau Event seems to have allowed for the greatest diversity among brachiopods at Gotland. Out of the 42 pre-event taxa, 31 occur at the upper Lower Eke locality Lau Backar 1, together with six taxa first appearing during the event. By the end of the intermediate part at least seven taxa became extinct (e.g. ”Dinorthis rigida”, Endrea ekenia, Mesopholidostrophia laevigata, Janius barrandi). During the later part of the event no taxa are proven extinct, except for at the Eke-Burgsvik boundary, where lithology as well changed considerably. The majority of the eight disappearing species seems to have been more or less facies dependent and whether they responded to direct event conditions or facies changes is not clear. Only Atrypa (A.) alata, and possibly Nucleospira pisum, are considered extinct due to the changing oceanic conditions. At least 25 of the 42 pre-event taxa survived the event. Among taxa that first appeared during the event, at least two (Navispira pusilla and Boucotinskia sulcata) also occur in the Burgsvik and Hamra formations. After the event especially the atrypids radiated quickly. Only nine or ten taxa have more or less continuous ranges through the whole event. Nevertheless, several of these probably suffered from adverse conditions. Isorthis canaliculata, Protochonetes striatellus and Microsphaeridiorhynchus? nucula show distinct Lilliput effects, and the pentamerids may also have been affected.

The herein established re-organisation pattern among brachiopods from Gotland is also found in other brachiopod faunas, on Baltica and outside. It is clearly visible in published faunas from Lithuania, Ukraine, Russia, Australia, and to some extent also from Bohemia.
Lastly, the extended ranges of Ptychopleurella bouchardi, Mesopholidostrophia laevigata, Strophonella euglypha, Endrea ekenia and Nucleospira pisum, as well as the identification of cf. Kirkidium knighti at Botvide 1, reflects the importance of large collections. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Event är korta tidsintervall som skiljer längre episoder med stabila oceaniska förhållanden från varandra. När cirkulationen i världshaven tillfälligt stängs av under ett event förändras fauna- och bergartssammansättningen, och även isotopförhållandena. Målet med detta arbete har varit att utröna hur de sensiluriska brachiopoderna reagerade på det globalt kända Lau Event. På Gotland omfattar det lagerföljden från Närformationen (övre Hemse-gruppen) till och med Ekeformationen. Eventet är där framför allt känt via studier av en numera utdöd djurgrupp, conodonterna. Dessa reagerade kraftigt på förändringarna och bl. a. zonfossilet Polygnathoides siluricus dog ut tidigt under eventet. Mer än 50% av conodontarterna försvann och under den... (More)
Event är korta tidsintervall som skiljer längre episoder med stabila oceaniska förhållanden från varandra. När cirkulationen i världshaven tillfälligt stängs av under ett event förändras fauna- och bergartssammansättningen, och även isotopförhållandena. Målet med detta arbete har varit att utröna hur de sensiluriska brachiopoderna reagerade på det globalt kända Lau Event. På Gotland omfattar det lagerföljden från Närformationen (övre Hemse-gruppen) till och med Ekeformationen. Eventet är där framför allt känt via studier av en numera utdöd djurgrupp, conodonterna. Dessa reagerade kraftigt på förändringarna och bl. a. zonfossilet Polygnathoides siluricus dog ut tidigt under eventet. Mer än 50% av conodontarterna försvann och under den senare delen av eventet blev en enda art den helt dominerande.

Brachiopoderna påverkades inte på samma dramatiska sätt, även om en omfattande omorganisation skedde även inom den djurgruppen. Av de 63 arter som ingår i studien existerade visserligen 42 redan före det undersökta intervallet, men bara 18 arter har påträffats i avlagringar från tiden precis före början av eventet. Under den tidiga delen av eventet dog minst fem arter ut eller försvann åtminstone från Gotland. Samtidigt tillkom fem nya arter och ett tiotal s.k. Lazarusarter återkom efter att under en period ha varit frånvarande i avlagringarna. Under den mellersta delen av eventet var artmångfalden bland Gotlands brachiopoder som störst. Av de 42 arterna från tiden före eventet har 31 stycken hittats på lokalen Lau Backar 1, överst i undre delen av Ekeformationen. Där finns dessutom sex andra arter som tillkommit under eventet. I slutet av eventets mellersta del försvann minst sju arter. Under eventets senare del har inga utdöenden säkert kunnat fastställas, förutom vid gränsen mellan Eke- och Burgsvikformationerna, där också bergarten förändras radikalt. Huvuddelen av de åtta arter som försvann då ställde förmodligen ganska specifika krav på sin närmaste levnadsmiljö. Därför är det svårt att säga om dessa försvann på grund direkta förändringar beroende på eventet eller pga att bottenförhållandena förändrades. Minst 25 av de 42 tidigare nämnda arterna överlevde Lau Event, liksom minst två av de som tillkom under tiden. Dock förekommer endast nio eller tio arter kontinuerligt under hela tiden, och flera av dessa påverkades förmodligen också av de besvärliga förhållandena. Lilliputeffekter, när medelstorleken hos individerna i en population tillfälligt minskar under en tidsperiod, har säkert kunnat fastställas inom tre arter, och möjligen också inom ytterligare en artgrupp.

Det beskrivna omorganisationsmönstret, som är en reaktion på Lau Event, har också konstaterats hos publicerade brachiopodfaunor från Baltikum, norra Ryssland, Australien och delvis också från Böhmen. Slutligen, sex arter har genom denna studie konstaterats ha betydligt längre utbredning i tiden än vad man tidigare känt till, även om de endast förekommer i litet antal. Detta belyser tydligt betydelsen av att arbeta med stora kollektioner. Slutsatserna i detta arbete bygger på ca 12 000 identifierade individer från fem prover, samt en omfattande litteraturstudie. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Gustavsson, Lena
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Gotlands brachiopoder och det sensiluriska Lau Event
year
type
H1 - Master's Degree (One Year)
subject
keywords
geography, geology, Late Silurian, Lau Event, brachiopods, Gotland, Sweden
publication/series
Dissertations in Geology at Lund University
report number
187
language
English
id
2339278
date added to LUP
2012-12-29 15:12:23
date last changed
2012-12-29 15:12:23
@misc{2339278,
  abstract     = {{The impact of the Ludfordian Lau Primo-Secundo Event on brachiopods from Gotland has been investigated. About 12 000 individuals were identified from five samples. The results are supplemented by an extensive literature study. On Gotland, the Lau Event spans the Botvide Mbr (uppermost När Fm, upper Hemse Group) and the Eke Fm. It caused extinctions, faunal, sedimentary and isotopic changes. Conodonts responded heavily; more than 50% of the taxa became extinct or disappeared and during the later part of the event the conodont fauna became dominated by a single taxon. Brachiopod diversity was not as dramatically affected, but there was a considerable faunal re-organisation. Based on mainly brachiopod frequencies and ranges, the investigated interval have been subdivided into five parts: before and after the event, and early, intermediate and late during the event. 

Out of the 63 listed taxa in this study, 42 existed already before the investigated interval. However, only 27 taxa are reported from the När Fm and only 18 from localities containing strata deposited before the onset of the event. Ten of those are for the first time proven to occur in the upper När Fm. During the early part of the event at least five taxa became extinct (e.g. Jonesea grayi, Atrypa (A.) sowerbyi, cf. Kirkidium knighti) and five other first appeared (Ptychopleurella bouchardi, Atrypa (A.) alata, Endrea ekenia, Navispira pusilla, Boucotinskia sulcata). More than nine Lazarus taxa are also reported from the early part, the majority known form a wide range of facies. The intermediate part of the Lau Event seems to have allowed for the greatest diversity among brachiopods at Gotland. Out of the 42 pre-event taxa, 31 occur at the upper Lower Eke locality Lau Backar 1, together with six taxa first appearing during the event. By the end of the intermediate part at least seven taxa became extinct (e.g. ”Dinorthis rigida”, Endrea ekenia, Mesopholidostrophia laevigata, Janius barrandi). During the later part of the event no taxa are proven extinct, except for at the Eke-Burgsvik boundary, where lithology as well changed considerably. The majority of the eight disappearing species seems to have been more or less facies dependent and whether they responded to direct event conditions or facies changes is not clear. Only Atrypa (A.) alata, and possibly Nucleospira pisum, are considered extinct due to the changing oceanic conditions. At least 25 of the 42 pre-event taxa survived the event. Among taxa that first appeared during the event, at least two (Navispira pusilla and Boucotinskia sulcata) also occur in the Burgsvik and Hamra formations. After the event especially the atrypids radiated quickly. Only nine or ten taxa have more or less continuous ranges through the whole event. Nevertheless, several of these probably suffered from adverse conditions. Isorthis canaliculata, Protochonetes striatellus and Microsphaeridiorhynchus? nucula show distinct Lilliput effects, and the pentamerids may also have been affected.

The herein established re-organisation pattern among brachiopods from Gotland is also found in other brachiopod faunas, on Baltica and outside. It is clearly visible in published faunas from Lithuania, Ukraine, Russia, Australia, and to some extent also from Bohemia.
Lastly, the extended ranges of Ptychopleurella bouchardi, Mesopholidostrophia laevigata, Strophonella euglypha, Endrea ekenia and Nucleospira pisum, as well as the identification of cf. Kirkidium knighti at Botvide 1, reflects the importance of large collections.}},
  author       = {{Gustavsson, Lena}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  series       = {{Dissertations in Geology at Lund University}},
  title        = {{The Late Silurian Lau Event and brachiopods from Gotland, Sweden}},
  year         = {{2005}},
}