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Svenska CFC-reglers förenlighet med EU-rätten efter Cadbury Schweppes

Högh, Tommy LU (2013) LAGF03 20131
Department of Law
Abstract
Summary

Most states in the world have rules that correspond to the Swedish CFC rules. The rules are intended to prevent national companies or individuals providing tax schemes with low-tax states and thus reduces or postpones the person's taxable income in that state.

When each member state within the EU/EEA is designing their own respective rules it is assumed that each state is taking full account of the supranational EU law. For CFC taxation part, this primarily means to take into account the ECJ rulings as direct taxation for the most part remains non-harmonized. A central judgment in this context is the judgment in Cadbury Schweppes, where the ECJ held that national CFC rules may only take aim at "wholly artificial... (More)
Summary

Most states in the world have rules that correspond to the Swedish CFC rules. The rules are intended to prevent national companies or individuals providing tax schemes with low-tax states and thus reduces or postpones the person's taxable income in that state.

When each member state within the EU/EEA is designing their own respective rules it is assumed that each state is taking full account of the supranational EU law. For CFC taxation part, this primarily means to take into account the ECJ rulings as direct taxation for the most part remains non-harmonized. A central judgment in this context is the judgment in Cadbury Schweppes, where the ECJ held that national CFC rules may only take aim at "wholly artificial arrangements", which forced Sweden to amend the legislation. This supplement does not follow the wording of the judgment and thus it is questionable whether a certain discrepancy has arisen between the Swedish law and EU law.

In order for the Swedish CFC rules to apply there must be a taxable subject in Sweden which is a partner with at least 25% of the voting rights or capital of a foreign legal entity with low taxed income. However, there are two exemptions to avoid CFC taxation that assumes that either the establishment is excluded in the white/gray list or the taxpayer is able to demonstrate that there is an "actual establishment" engaged in a "commercially motivated activity." The paper deals with the latter exemptions compatibility with EU law. The exemption has to some extent been designed differently than the ECJ ruled in Cadbury Schweppes. This may mean that the Swedish CFC rules are not expected to be proportional in a rule of reason test.

The conclusion of the essay implies that the legal situation around whether the Swedish CFC rules are compatible with EU law is questionable. This is partly due to the uncertainties surrounding the interpretation of "commercially motivated activity", partly because of the question of who has the burden of proof in determining whether the exemption would apply or not.

The Finnish legislature, in contrast to the Swedish, has chosen to use ECJ´s statement directly in its statutory text. This is probably a better option because it avoids the legal uncertainty to a large extent and the text of the law is more likely to be compatible with any future legal development of the ECJ. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Sammanfattning

De flesta stater i världen har i dag regler som motsvarar de svenska CFC-reglerna. Syftet med reglerna är att förhindra att nationella företag eller personer åstadkommer skatteupplägg med lågbeskattade stater och på så sätt minskar eller senarelägger skattesubjektets beskattningsbara inkomst i hemviststaten.

När varje medlemsstat inom EU/EES utformar sina respektive regler förutsätts respektive stat ta full hänsyn till den överstatliga EU-rätten. För CFC-beskattningens del handlar det främst om att hänsyn ska tas till EU-domstolens avgöranden eftersom den direkta beskattningen till största del förblir icke-harmoniserad. Ett viktigt avgörandet i sammanhanget är domen i Cadbury Schweppes, där EU-domstolen uttalade att... (More)
Sammanfattning

De flesta stater i världen har i dag regler som motsvarar de svenska CFC-reglerna. Syftet med reglerna är att förhindra att nationella företag eller personer åstadkommer skatteupplägg med lågbeskattade stater och på så sätt minskar eller senarelägger skattesubjektets beskattningsbara inkomst i hemviststaten.

När varje medlemsstat inom EU/EES utformar sina respektive regler förutsätts respektive stat ta full hänsyn till den överstatliga EU-rätten. För CFC-beskattningens del handlar det främst om att hänsyn ska tas till EU-domstolens avgöranden eftersom den direkta beskattningen till största del förblir icke-harmoniserad. Ett viktigt avgörandet i sammanhanget är domen i Cadbury Schweppes, där EU-domstolen uttalade att nationella CFC-regler endast får ta sikte på ”rent konstlade upplägg”, vilket föranledde att Sverige tvingades göra tillägg i lagstiftningen. Detta tillägg följer inte ordalydelsen i domen och således kan det diskuteras om en viss disrepans har uppstått mellan den svenska rätten och EU-rätten.

För att de svenska CFC-reglerna ska bli tillämpliga krävs att ett skattesubjekt i Sverige är delägare med minst 25% av rösterna eller kapitalet i en utländsk juridisk person med lågbeskattad inkomst. Det finns dock två möjligheter att undgå CFC-beskattning som förutsätter att antingen undantas etableringen enligt den vit/gråa listan eller så ges den skattskyldige möjlighet att visa att det rör sig om en ”verklig etablering” som bedriver en ”affärsmässigt motiverad verksamhet”. I uppsatsen behandlas det senare undantagets förenlighet med EU-rätten. Undantaget har till viss del utformats annorlunda än vad EU-domstolen uttalat i Cadbury Schweppes. Detta kan medföra att de svenska CFC-reglerna inte bedöms vara proportionerliga vid ett rule of reason-test.

Uppsatsens analys resulterar i att rättsläget kring huruvida de svenska CFC-reglerna är förenliga med EU-rätten är tvivelaktigt. Detta dels på grund av oklarheterna kring tolkningen av ”affärsmässigt motiverad verksamhet”, dels på grund av frågan om vem som har bevisbördan vid bedömningen av om undantagsregeln blir tillämplig eller inte.

Den finska lagstiftaren har, i motsats till den svenska, valt att använda sig direkt av EU-domstolens uttalande i sin lagtext. Detta är förmodligen ett bättre alternativ då rättsosäkerheten undanröjs till stor del och lagtexten kommer med större sannolikhet kunna vara förenlig med en eventuell framtida rättsutveckling av EU-domstolen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
@misc{3800716,
  abstract     = {{Summary

Most states in the world have rules that correspond to the Swedish CFC rules. The rules are intended to prevent national companies or individuals providing tax schemes with low-tax states and thus reduces or postpones the person's taxable income in that state.

When each member state within the EU/EEA is designing their own respective rules it is assumed that each state is taking full account of the supranational EU law. For CFC taxation part, this primarily means to take into account the ECJ rulings as direct taxation for the most part remains non-harmonized. A central judgment in this context is the judgment in Cadbury Schweppes, where the ECJ held that national CFC rules may only take aim at "wholly artificial arrangements", which forced Sweden to amend the legislation. This supplement does not follow the wording of the judgment and thus it is questionable whether a certain discrepancy has arisen between the Swedish law and EU law.

In order for the Swedish CFC rules to apply there must be a taxable subject in Sweden which is a partner with at least 25% of the voting rights or capital of a foreign legal entity with low taxed income. However, there are two exemptions to avoid CFC taxation that assumes that either the establishment is excluded in the white/gray list or the taxpayer is able to demonstrate that there is an "actual establishment" engaged in a "commercially motivated activity." The paper deals with the latter exemptions compatibility with EU law. The exemption has to some extent been designed differently than the ECJ ruled in Cadbury Schweppes. This may mean that the Swedish CFC rules are not expected to be proportional in a rule of reason test.

The conclusion of the essay implies that the legal situation around whether the Swedish CFC rules are compatible with EU law is questionable. This is partly due to the uncertainties surrounding the interpretation of "commercially motivated activity", partly because of the question of who has the burden of proof in determining whether the exemption would apply or not.

The Finnish legislature, in contrast to the Swedish, has chosen to use ECJ´s statement directly in its statutory text. This is probably a better option because it avoids the legal uncertainty to a large extent and the text of the law is more likely to be compatible with any future legal development of the ECJ.}},
  author       = {{Högh, Tommy}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Svenska CFC-reglers förenlighet med EU-rätten efter Cadbury Schweppes}},
  year         = {{2013}},
}