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Prövningstillstånd i andra instans - en analys av rättssäkerheten i ett barnperspektiv

Bengtsson, Sara LU (2013) JURM02 20131
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Rätten till omprövning i andra instans i svensk rätt kan vara villkorad genom att det krävs prövningstillstånd för att målet ska tas upp till en ny fullständig prövning. Kravet förekommer dock endast i vissa fall, medan rätten till omprövning är ovillkorad i andra. I stora drag är reglerna hänförliga till vilken processtyp målet tillhör, civilprocessen, straffprocessen eller förvaltningsprocessen, men även inom processtyperna kan reglerna skilja sig åt. Ramen för hur dessa regler får utformas sätts av de internationella åtaganden som Sverige har ratificerat. I dessa stipuleras vilka processuella och rättsliga garantier som måste finnas för att garantera medborgarna en tillräcklig grad av rättssäkerhet. Vad rättssäkerhet i sig innebär är en... (More)
Rätten till omprövning i andra instans i svensk rätt kan vara villkorad genom att det krävs prövningstillstånd för att målet ska tas upp till en ny fullständig prövning. Kravet förekommer dock endast i vissa fall, medan rätten till omprövning är ovillkorad i andra. I stora drag är reglerna hänförliga till vilken processtyp målet tillhör, civilprocessen, straffprocessen eller förvaltningsprocessen, men även inom processtyperna kan reglerna skilja sig åt. Ramen för hur dessa regler får utformas sätts av de internationella åtaganden som Sverige har ratificerat. I dessa stipuleras vilka processuella och rättsliga garantier som måste finnas för att garantera medborgarna en tillräcklig grad av rättssäkerhet. Vad rättssäkerhet i sig innebär är en fråga som har utretts och tolkats i otaliga skrifter. Emellertid finns det vissa aspekter av rättssäkerhet som är accepterade av många. Det rör dels den formella delen av begreppet, som avser förutsebarhet, dels den materiella som avser att även vissa etiska värden ska rymmas i rättstillämpningen och att rättstillämpningen ska leda till rättvisa och etiskt godtagbara utfall.
Barn har en utsatt rättslig position, vilket bland annat beror på att deras rättsliga handlingsförmåga är begränsad. För att de processuella reglerna ska vara tillräckligt rättssäkra för barn krävs det att staten kompenserar för denna utsatthet genom att processuella regler anpassas. En sådan anpassning kan ske på olika sätt, varav ett är att ta hänsyn till barn i förarbeten. Denna uppsats syftar till att se om reglerna om prövningstillstånd i andra instans är tillräckligt rättssäkra i ett barnperspektiv, trots att reglerna skiljer sig åt mellan processerna och måltyperna. Det sker genom en undersökning av hur reglerna är utformade och om erforderlig hänsyn har tagits till barn i förarbetena.
Uppsatsen har karaktären av en rättsjämförande studie och undersöker hur reglerna om prövningstillstånd i andra instans är utformade, med fokus på propositioner till lagarna i de måltyper där barn är mest frekvent förekommande i de olika processtyperna i svensk rätt. Undersökningen utförs genom en genomgång av vad som stipulerar barns utsatthet och vad rättssäkerhet innebär. Dessutom redogörs det för vad som är gällande rätt för prövningstillstånd i andra instans i de tre olika processtyperna. Därefter görs en studie av propositionerna till olika måltyper där barn är berörda.
I framställningen konstateras det att reglerna om prövningstillstånd i andra instans inte är tillräckligt formellt rättssäkra i ett barnperspektiv. Detta beror för det första på att det inte tas hänsyn till lagstiftningens konsekvenser för barn och barnets rättigheter i det lagstiftande arbetet. För det andra beror det på att reglerna inte regelmässigt anpassas till barn. För det tredje beror det på att även om reglerna kan anses tillräckligt förutsebara för en vuxen, är de inte det i ett barnperspektiv. Anledningen är att reglerna och skillnaderna mellan regleringarna mellan de olika områdena är svåra att förstå och att ingreppen i barnets liv ofta kan uppfattas som lika stort oavsett om det rör sig om en måltyp där prövningstillstånd krävs eller där det inte gör det.
Beroende på osäkerheten i de formella aspekterna av rättssäkerheten är det inte heller troligt att den materiella delen av rättssäkerheten blir uppfylld, eftersom osäkerheten i förutsebarheten gör att det inte är troligt att resultatet av tillämpningen blir rättvis och etiskt godtagbar. (Less)
Abstract
The right to appeal can be conditioned in Swedish law, by a requirement for leave to appeal. The requirement only occurs in some cases, while the right of review is unconditioned in other cases. The rules are, broadly, incident to what procedure the dispute belongs to, civil procedure, criminal procedure or administrative procedure. However, the rules can also differ within the frames of the three types of procedure. The framework for how these rules can be formulated is set by the international obligations Sweden has ratified. These obligations stipulate that the procedural and legal safeguards must be in place to guarantee citizens a sufficient degree of legal certainty. The definition of legal certainty is controversial and has been... (More)
The right to appeal can be conditioned in Swedish law, by a requirement for leave to appeal. The requirement only occurs in some cases, while the right of review is unconditioned in other cases. The rules are, broadly, incident to what procedure the dispute belongs to, civil procedure, criminal procedure or administrative procedure. However, the rules can also differ within the frames of the three types of procedure. The framework for how these rules can be formulated is set by the international obligations Sweden has ratified. These obligations stipulate that the procedural and legal safeguards must be in place to guarantee citizens a sufficient degree of legal certainty. The definition of legal certainty is controversial and has been discussed in numerous writings. Thus, the interpretations of the concept are many. However, there are certain aspects of legal certainty that are accepted by many. The formal aspect of legal certainty includes a requirement concerning predictability in the judicial decision making, and the substantive aspect holds that judicial decisions give justice and ethically acceptable results.
Children do have a vulnerable position in law, closely related to their limited legal capacity. In order for children to be able to achieve the same degree of legal certainty as adults, the state needs to compensate for this vulnerability by adapting procedural rules. Such adaption can be completed in different ways, of which one is to make considerations in preparatory work. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate whether the rules for leave to appeal assure sufficient legal certainty from a children's perspective, although different rules apply in different process types and laws. This is accomplished through an examination on how the rules are designed and if that required considerations about children have been done in the preparatory work.
This essay is a comparative study between the three procedure types in Swedish law, and examines how the rules for leave to appeal are designed, focusing on the preparatory work in cases where children are directly concerned in Swedish law. The examination is completed by discussing what stipulates children's vulnerability and how legal certainty can be understood. Furthermore, it describes the law for leave to appeal in the different procedure types and the different laws that affect children.
The conclusion is that the rules of leave to appeal do not give sufficient legal certainty from a children's perspective. This is due to three things. The first reason is that it is not taken into consideration by the legislator what consequences the legislation have for children and children's rights. The second reason is that the rules have not been generally adapted to children. The third reason is that even though the rules as such can be considered to give sufficient legal certainty and predictability for adults, it is not the case from a children's perspective. This is incident to that the rules and the differences between the rules are hard to understand and that the experienced encroachment in the child's life is likely to be just as large regardless of if a leave to appeal is required or not.
Forasmuch as the formal aspects of legal certainty are not sufficient from a children's perspective, it is not likely that the substantive aspects of legal certainty will be met, since the insecurity in the predictability makes it unlikely that the outcome of the application of the different rules will be fair and ethically acceptable. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Bengtsson, Sara LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Leave to appeal - an analysis of legal certainty from a children's perspective
course
JURM02 20131
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
barnperspektiv, utsatthetsanalys, rättssäkerhet, Processrätt, straffprocessrätt, förvaltningsprocessrätt, civilprocessrätt, familjerätt, prövningstillstånd, barnrätt, barns rättsskydd, rättsjämförande studie, rättsdogmatisk metod, beteendevetenskaplig metod
language
Swedish
id
3801481
date added to LUP
2013-08-07 11:42:25
date last changed
2013-08-07 11:42:25
@misc{3801481,
  abstract     = {{The right to appeal can be conditioned in Swedish law, by a requirement for leave to appeal. The requirement only occurs in some cases, while the right of review is unconditioned in other cases. The rules are, broadly, incident to what procedure the dispute belongs to, civil procedure, criminal procedure or administrative procedure. However, the rules can also differ within the frames of the three types of procedure. The framework for how these rules can be formulated is set by the international obligations Sweden has ratified. These obligations stipulate that the procedural and legal safeguards must be in place to guarantee citizens a sufficient degree of legal certainty. The definition of legal certainty is controversial and has been discussed in numerous writings. Thus, the interpretations of the concept are many. However, there are certain aspects of legal certainty that are accepted by many. The formal aspect of legal certainty includes a requirement concerning predictability in the judicial decision making, and the substantive aspect holds that judicial decisions give justice and ethically acceptable results.
Children do have a vulnerable position in law, closely related to their limited legal capacity. In order for children to be able to achieve the same degree of legal certainty as adults, the state needs to compensate for this vulnerability by adapting procedural rules. Such adaption can be completed in different ways, of which one is to make considerations in preparatory work. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate whether the rules for leave to appeal assure sufficient legal certainty from a children's perspective, although different rules apply in different process types and laws. This is accomplished through an examination on how the rules are designed and if that required considerations about children have been done in the preparatory work. 
This essay is a comparative study between the three procedure types in Swedish law, and examines how the rules for leave to appeal are designed, focusing on the preparatory work in cases where children are directly concerned in Swedish law. The examination is completed by discussing what stipulates children's vulnerability and how legal certainty can be understood. Furthermore, it describes the law for leave to appeal in the different procedure types and the different laws that affect children. 
The conclusion is that the rules of leave to appeal do not give sufficient legal certainty from a children's perspective. This is due to three things. The first reason is that it is not taken into consideration by the legislator what consequences the legislation have for children and children's rights. The second reason is that the rules have not been generally adapted to children. The third reason is that even though the rules as such can be considered to give sufficient legal certainty and predictability for adults, it is not the case from a children's perspective. This is incident to that the rules and the differences between the rules are hard to understand and that the experienced encroachment in the child's life is likely to be just as large regardless of if a leave to appeal is required or not. 
Forasmuch as the formal aspects of legal certainty are not sufficient from a children's perspective, it is not likely that the substantive aspects of legal certainty will be met, since the insecurity in the predictability makes it unlikely that the outcome of the application of the different rules will be fair and ethically acceptable.}},
  author       = {{Bengtsson, Sara}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Prövningstillstånd i andra instans - en analys av rättssäkerheten i ett barnperspektiv}},
  year         = {{2013}},
}