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Uppsägningar av funktionshindrade arbetstagare - Om samspelet mellan anställningsskydd och diskrimineringsförbud

Nilsson, Sara LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Regler om anställningsskydd finns i LAS. Centralt är att arbetsgivaren måste ha saklig grund för att säga upp arbetstagare. De skäl som utgör saklig grund delas upp i kategorierna uppsägning av personliga skäl och uppsägning p.g.a. arbetsbrist. I den förstnämnda kategorin hamnar uppsägningsskäl hänförliga till arbetstagaren personligen. I kategorin arbetsbrist hamnar övriga uppsägningsskäl, d.v.s. de som är verksamhetsrelaterade. Nedsatt arbetsförmåga till följd av funktionshinder är ett personligt skäl. Huvudregeln är att nedsättning av arbetsförmågan som beror på skada, sjukdom eller liknande inte utgör saklig grund. Först om arbetstagaren inte kan utföra arbete av någon betydelse för arbetsgivaren kan arbetstagaren sägas upp. I detta... (More)
Regler om anställningsskydd finns i LAS. Centralt är att arbetsgivaren måste ha saklig grund för att säga upp arbetstagare. De skäl som utgör saklig grund delas upp i kategorierna uppsägning av personliga skäl och uppsägning p.g.a. arbetsbrist. I den förstnämnda kategorin hamnar uppsägningsskäl hänförliga till arbetstagaren personligen. I kategorin arbetsbrist hamnar övriga uppsägningsskäl, d.v.s. de som är verksamhetsrelaterade. Nedsatt arbetsförmåga till följd av funktionshinder är ett personligt skäl. Huvudregeln är att nedsättning av arbetsförmågan som beror på skada, sjukdom eller liknande inte utgör saklig grund. Först om arbetstagaren inte kan utföra arbete av någon betydelse för arbetsgivaren kan arbetstagaren sägas upp. I detta sammanhang blir det avgörande om arbetsgivaren fullgjort sina skyldigheter avseende arbetsanpassning, rehabilitering och omplacering. Arbetsbrist utgör som regel saklig grund. Trots det ovan sagda kan en uppsägning som beror på arbetstagarens funktionshinder betraktas som en arbetsbristuppsägning. Enligt reglerna om splittrade motivbilder behöver ingen hänsyn tas till personliga skäl om det därutöver finns verksamhetsrelaterade skäl till uppsägningen.

Diskrimineringsskyddet för funktionshindrade arbetstagare finns i DL. När det gäller EU-rätten finns motsvarande reglering främst i dir. 2000/78/EG om en allmän ram för likabehandling. Förbudet mot direkt diskriminering är uppbyggt kring tre rekvisit: missgynnande, jämförbar situation och orsakssamband. Att bli uppsagd är ett exempel på missgynnande. Vidare krävs att den funktionshindrade varit i en jämförbar situation med en arbetstagare utan funktionshindret. I många fall är detta inte uppfyllt då funktionshindret påverkar arbetsförmågan. Arbetsgivaren har då ett ansvar att vidta skäliga stöd- och anpassningsåtgärder i syfte att skapa en jämförbar situation. Att det ska finnas ett orsakssamband innebär att det ska finnas ett samband mellan arbetstagarens funktionshinder och att hen missgynnats. Det räcker att funktionshindret varit en bidragande orsak till att arbetstagaren sagts upp för att rekvisitet ska anses uppfyllt. Orsakssamband anses således föreligga även om det utöver funktionshindret finns andra, icke-diskriminerande, skäl till uppsägningen.

Av det ovan anförda framkommer att det är skillnad mellan reglerna om anställningsskydd och diskrimineringsförbudet vid splittrade motivbilder. Vid tillämpningen av anställningsskyddsreglerna går det att bortse från eventuella personliga skäl om det därutöver finns verksamhetsrelaterade skäl till uppsägningen. I diskrimineringsrätten är det, genom rekvisitet om orsakssamband, i det närmaste tvärtom. Finns det diskriminerande skäl hänförliga till arbetstagaren personligen spelar det ingen roll om det därutöver finns verksamhetsrelaterade skäl. Eftersom diskrimineringsförbudet bygger på tvingande EU-rätt menar jag att det rimligaste är att gå på diskrimineringsrättens linje i fall där det finns splittrad motivbild och de personliga skälen utgörs av arbetstagarens funktionshinder.

Arbetsrättens bakomliggande syfte är i hög grad att skydda kollektivet arbetstagare. Diskrimineringsrätten däremot är utformad i syfte att skydda den enskilda individen och dennes mänskliga rättigheter. Uppsatsen visar att dessa olika syften skapar en del problem när AD ska tillämpa regelverken parallellt. I flera fall tycks AD tolka diskrimineringsrättsliga bestämmelser utifrån traditionellt arbetsrättsliga principer. Det visar sig t.ex. genom att arbetsgivarens arbetsledningsrätt tycks påverka vilka krav som kan ställas på arbetsgivaren inom diskrimineringsrätten och genom att traditionell arbetsrättslig praxis ger vägledning åt vad som anses utgöra skäliga stöd- och anpassningsåtgärder i diskrimineringsfall. Resultatet blir att det uppstår tveksamheter kring huruvida AD:s tillämpning av DL är förenlig med EU-rätten. (Less)
Abstract
The labour law regulation is mainly found in Employment Protection Act (SFS 1982:80). It says that an employer needs to have just cause for a dismissal. Just causes for dismissal are divided into two categories: circumstances relating to the employee, also called personal reasons, and circumstances relating to the enterprise, so called redundancy. Reduced working capacity because of disability is a personal reason. The main rule is that reduced capacity because of illness, injuries or similar reasons is not a just cause for dismissal. In these cases the employer has responsibilities for work adjustments, rehabilitation and redeployment of the employee. If the employer has fulfilled the responsibilities and the employee is still not able to... (More)
The labour law regulation is mainly found in Employment Protection Act (SFS 1982:80). It says that an employer needs to have just cause for a dismissal. Just causes for dismissal are divided into two categories: circumstances relating to the employee, also called personal reasons, and circumstances relating to the enterprise, so called redundancy. Reduced working capacity because of disability is a personal reason. The main rule is that reduced capacity because of illness, injuries or similar reasons is not a just cause for dismissal. In these cases the employer has responsibilities for work adjustments, rehabilitation and redeployment of the employee. If the employer has fulfilled the responsibilities and the employee is still not able to do any work of importance for the employer there is a just cause for dismissal. The main rule is that redundancy is a just cause for dismissal. If there are both personal reasons and redundancy reasons for the dismissal, the dismissal should be seen as a dismissal because of a redundancy. That means that if there is a redundancy situation you do not have to consider the personal reasons.

Protection against discrimination for disabled employees is found in the Discrimination Act (SFS 2008:567). Similar rules in EU law are mainly provided by Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. Both the Swedish law and the Directive prohibit direct discrimination. Direct discrimination is when someone is treated less favourably than another person in a comparable situation and when the reason for the treatment is the person’s religion or belief, sexual orientation, disability etc. Dismissal is an example of less favourable treatment. In many cases concerning disabled employees the disability affects the working capacity and the disabled employee is therefore not in a comparable situation. The employer then has a responsibility for trying to create a comparable situation by providing reasonable accommodation for the disabled employee. When it comes to the reason of the less favourable treatment it’s suffices that the employee’s disability is one of the reasons for the dismissal. That means there could be a case of direct discrimination even if there are more than one reason for the dismissal and some of the reasons are not related to the employee’s disability.

From the statement above, the conclusion can be drawn that there is a difference between the traditional Swedish labour law and the discrimination law when it comes to dismissal with both discriminative and redundancy reasons. The Employment Protection Act says that if there is a redundancy reason for the dismissal you can disregard if there is any other reason for the dismissal. The Discrimination Act says almost the opposite; if there is a discriminative reason for the dismissal, it is insignificant if there are redundancy reasons as well. The discrimination rules are EU rules. Therefore it is necessary to use them when it comes to dismissal with more than one reason where at least one of them is the employee’s disability.

The main focus of Swedish labour law has been to protect the collective of employees. Discrimination law is more focused on protecting the individual and his or her human rights. This essay shows that the different focuses of the labour law and the discrimination law create some problems when the Swedish Labour Court has to use both of the regulations in one case. The Court tends to use a traditional labour law way of thinking when interpreting the discrimination law. For example the Court let’s the Swedish principle about employers’ right to lead the work influence which responsibilities employers have in discrimination law and the Court uses labour law cases as guidance when determining what is consider a reasonable accommondation for disabled employees. The consequence is that what the Court says may not be a proper implementation of the EU law. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Nilsson, Sara LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Dismissal of Employees With Disabilities - About Traditional Labour Law and Anti-Discrimination Law
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Arbetsrätt, anställningsskydd, diskrimineringsrätt.
language
Swedish
id
4285695
date added to LUP
2014-04-03 12:02:48
date last changed
2014-04-03 12:02:48
@misc{4285695,
  abstract     = {{The labour law regulation is mainly found in Employment Protection Act (SFS 1982:80). It says that an employer needs to have just cause for a dismissal. Just causes for dismissal are divided into two categories: circumstances relating to the employee, also called personal reasons, and circumstances relating to the enterprise, so called redundancy. Reduced working capacity because of disability is a personal reason. The main rule is that reduced capacity because of illness, injuries or similar reasons is not a just cause for dismissal. In these cases the employer has responsibilities for work adjustments, rehabilitation and redeployment of the employee. If the employer has fulfilled the responsibilities and the employee is still not able to do any work of importance for the employer there is a just cause for dismissal. The main rule is that redundancy is a just cause for dismissal. If there are both personal reasons and redundancy reasons for the dismissal, the dismissal should be seen as a dismissal because of a redundancy. That means that if there is a redundancy situation you do not have to consider the personal reasons.

Protection against discrimination for disabled employees is found in the Discrimination Act (SFS 2008:567). Similar rules in EU law are mainly provided by Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. Both the Swedish law and the Directive prohibit direct discrimination. Direct discrimination is when someone is treated less favourably than another person in a comparable situation and when the reason for the treatment is the person’s religion or belief, sexual orientation, disability etc. Dismissal is an example of less favourable treatment. In many cases concerning disabled employees the disability affects the working capacity and the disabled employee is therefore not in a comparable situation. The employer then has a responsibility for trying to create a comparable situation by providing reasonable accommodation for the disabled employee. When it comes to the reason of the less favourable treatment it’s suffices that the employee’s disability is one of the reasons for the dismissal. That means there could be a case of direct discrimination even if there are more than one reason for the dismissal and some of the reasons are not related to the employee’s disability. 

From the statement above, the conclusion can be drawn that there is a difference between the traditional Swedish labour law and the discrimination law when it comes to dismissal with both discriminative and redundancy reasons. The Employment Protection Act says that if there is a redundancy reason for the dismissal you can disregard if there is any other reason for the dismissal. The Discrimination Act says almost the opposite; if there is a discriminative reason for the dismissal, it is insignificant if there are redundancy reasons as well. The discrimination rules are EU rules. Therefore it is necessary to use them when it comes to dismissal with more than one reason where at least one of them is the employee’s disability.

The main focus of Swedish labour law has been to protect the collective of employees. Discrimination law is more focused on protecting the individual and his or her human rights. This essay shows that the different focuses of the labour law and the discrimination law create some problems when the Swedish Labour Court has to use both of the regulations in one case. The Court tends to use a traditional labour law way of thinking when interpreting the discrimination law. For example the Court let’s the Swedish principle about employers’ right to lead the work influence which responsibilities employers have in discrimination law and the Court uses labour law cases as guidance when determining what is consider a reasonable accommondation for disabled employees. The consequence is that what the Court says may not be a proper implementation of the EU law.}},
  author       = {{Nilsson, Sara}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Uppsägningar av funktionshindrade arbetstagare - Om samspelet mellan anställningsskydd och diskrimineringsförbud}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}