Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Tudelad proportionalitet vid mord - Kritik av en föreslagen straffskärpning

Eriksson, Johannes LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I skrivelsen Skärpt straff för mord presenterar Justitiedepartementet ett lagförslag som syftar till att förändra tillämpningen av påföljderna för mord. Förslaget innebär att samtliga fall av mord där försvårande omständigheter föreligger ska straffas med livstids fängelse. En stor del av dessa gärningar leder enligt gällande rätt och nuvarande rättstillämpning till ett längre tidsbestämt fängelsestraff. En förändring av lagstiftningen i enlighet med förslaget kan antas påverka rättsäkerheten och påföljdssystemets proportionalitet. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att kritiskt granska Justitiedepartementets förslag utifrån principen om proportionalitet i påföljdssystemet.

Framställningen begreppsdefinierar såväl proportionalitet som... (More)
I skrivelsen Skärpt straff för mord presenterar Justitiedepartementet ett lagförslag som syftar till att förändra tillämpningen av påföljderna för mord. Förslaget innebär att samtliga fall av mord där försvårande omständigheter föreligger ska straffas med livstids fängelse. En stor del av dessa gärningar leder enligt gällande rätt och nuvarande rättstillämpning till ett längre tidsbestämt fängelsestraff. En förändring av lagstiftningen i enlighet med förslaget kan antas påverka rättsäkerheten och påföljdssystemets proportionalitet. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att kritiskt granska Justitiedepartementets förslag utifrån principen om proportionalitet i påföljdssystemet.

Framställningen begreppsdefinierar såväl proportionalitet som rättssäkerhet. Begreppen definieras genom att rättsvetenskaplig doktrin och rättspolitiska diskussioner studeras. Uppsatsen behandlar vidare det svenska påföljdssystemets historiska utveckling. Påföljdssystemets utveckling har de senaste decennierna inneburit ett avsteg från preventiva straffteorier, till en rådande ordning med proportionalitetsprincipen som central utgångspunkt för såväl lagstiftning som straffmätning. Kravet på proportionalitet i påföljdssystemet innebär att ett straff ska stå i proportion till det brott som bestraffas. Teorin om proportionalitet utgår från att bestraffning är samhällets sätt att klandra en brottslig gärning. Strafflängden för ett brott ska därmed ge uttryck för en gärnings klandervärde.

För att analysera proportionaliteten i påföljdssystemet beskrivs gällande rätt för mord ingående. Enligt svensk rätt ska den som berövar någon livet dömas för mord till fängelse på viss tid, i 10 till 18 år, eller till livstids fängelse. Påföljdskonstruktionen för mord är således tudelad, med en åttaårig tidsbestämd straffskala och livstidsstraffet. Livstids fängelse anses vara det svenska påföljdssystemets hårdaste straff och som påföljd för mord är livstidsstraffet därför förbehållet de allra allvarligaste fallen. Sedan 2006 har livstidsdömda fångar givits en möjlighet att få sitt livstidsstraff omvandlat till ett tidsbestämt fängelsestraff. De bestämmelser som reglerar omvandlingsprövningen behandlas i samband med gällande rätt i uppsatsen. I kombination med omvandlingslagen konstateras den nuvarande straffskalan för mord främja en nyanserad straffmätning. En nyanserad straffmätning möjliggör att gärningarnas klandervärde återspeglas i de utdömda strafflängderna. Genom en analys nås därför slutsatsen att det idag gällande påföljdssystemet för mord uppfyller kravet på proportionalitet.

Justitiedepartementets lagförslag skulle innebära att de fall av mord som enligt gällande rätt leder till ett längre tidsbestämt fängelsestraff istället ska straffas med livstids fängelse. Mer än hälften av alla fall av mord förväntas därmed leda till livstids fängelse. Uppsatsen analyserar därför hur den av uppsatsen definierade proportionaliteten i påföljdssystemet skulle påverkas utifrån de förväntade förändringarna.

Enligt proportionalitetsprincipen ska den gärningens klandervärde kunna återspeglas i brottets strafflängd. Samtliga gärningar som straffas med livstids fängelse ges samma klandervärde, som en följd av att de givits samma straffvärde. Den nyansering av gärningarna som möjliggörs genom straffmätningen enligt gällande rätt riskeras därmed att gå förlorad. En trolig effekt av en förändring i enlighet med lagförslaget är följaktligen en försvagad proportionalitet.

I framställningens analys uppdagas en komplexitet som följer av möjligheten att omvandla livstidsstraffet till ett tidsbestämt fängelsestraff. Genom att ett livstidsstraff tidsbestäms genom omvandling anses proportionalitetsprincipen upprätthållas. Vid en omvandling prövas dock kriterier som inte är direkt knutna till den gärning som straffats. I analysen av omvandlingsprövningen framgår det att ett omvandlat livstidsstraff ges ett straffvärde som inte uteslutande är baserat på gärningens klandervärde. Detta är ett tydligt avsteg från proportionalitetsprincipen. Det beskrivna avsteget från proportionalitetsprincipen är en effekt av mordparagrafens tudelade påföljdsdel. Uppsatsen ifrågasätter således huruvida livstidsstraffet är en lämplig påföljd i det svenska påföljdssystemet. (Less)
Abstract
In their official letter Sharper punishments for murder the Ministry of Justice presents a bill to change the choice of sanctions for murder. The bill suggests that all cases of murder, in which there are aggravating circumstances, shall be punished with life imprisonment. A large number of these acts of murder are, according to applicable law, sentenced to fixed term imprisonment. An alteration in line with the Ministry of Justice’s proposal could be expected to affect both the rule of law and the proportionality within the penal system. The purpose of this essay is therefore to critically examine the proposal of the Ministry of Justice from a perspective of the principle of proportionality in the penal system.

The essay defines the... (More)
In their official letter Sharper punishments for murder the Ministry of Justice presents a bill to change the choice of sanctions for murder. The bill suggests that all cases of murder, in which there are aggravating circumstances, shall be punished with life imprisonment. A large number of these acts of murder are, according to applicable law, sentenced to fixed term imprisonment. An alteration in line with the Ministry of Justice’s proposal could be expected to affect both the rule of law and the proportionality within the penal system. The purpose of this essay is therefore to critically examine the proposal of the Ministry of Justice from a perspective of the principle of proportionality in the penal system.

The essay defines the concepts of rule of law and proportionality from legal science on the subject. Furthermore, the development of the Swedish penal system is described. The Swedish penal system has over the last decades changed course from a strict focus on preventive theories into today’s order with the principle of proportionality as the premises for both the legislation and the application of law. The principle of proportionality implies that a punishment should be chosen in proportion to the crime being punished. The theory on proportionality proceeds on the basis that a penalty is the society’s way to blame the criminal action. Therefore the length of a sentence expresses the amount of blame in a criminal act.

Established law is described in detail in order to analyze the proportionality of the penal system. According to Swedish law someone who commits an act of murder shall be sentenced to a fixed term imprisonment of 10 to 18 years or to imprisonment for life. The types of sentences for the act of murder can be described as bisectional, with its life imprisonment side by side with the fixed term imprisonment. Life imprisonment is considered the most severe sanction in the Swedish penal system, and as a sanction for the act of murder, imprisonment for life is therefore restricted to the most severe actions of murder. Since 2006 prisoners serving a sentence of life imprisonment have been given a possibility to seek for converting of the sentence into a sentence of fixed term imprisonment. The applicable rules for a plausible review of a sentence will be described in connection with the established law. In combination with the possibility to convert a sentence for life imprisonment the applicable range of punishment for the act of murder favours a nuanced approach when meting out the punishments, which enables the penal value to reflect the protest in the sentenced action. Through the analysis the conclusion is reached, that the penal system for the act of murder satisfies the demands set by the principle of proportionality.

According to the official letter of the Ministry of Justice all acts of murder that are sentenced to a fixed term imprisonment, should instead be punished with life imprisonment. A little over half of all the acts of murder are expected to be punished with imprisonment for life. In addition to the above stated purpose this thesis also seeks to describe how the expected changes in the penal system will have an effect for the principle of proportionality.

The principle of proportionality requires that a society’s blame of an action should be reflected in the penal value of a crime. Given that half of the acts of murder will be sentenced to imprisonment for life, over half of the acts of murder are given the same value of blame. The possibility to nuance the actions, which is given when meting out the punishment according to established law, is therefore at risk. Hence one possible effect of the bill is a weaker proportionality in the penal system.

In the analysis a complexity is tracked down as a result of the possibility to convert a sentence of life imprisonment into a fixed term imprisonment. When converting a sentence of life imprisonment into a fixed term sentence, the principle of proportionality is often considered fulfilled. When the possibilities to convert a sentence are examined, circumstances that are not bound directly to the punished action are reviewed. An analysis gives the conclusion that a converted sentence of life imprisonment is given a penal value that isn’t exclusively based on the amount of blame in the action. To consider other aspects than the amount of blame in an action when meting out the punishment is a clear violation of the principle of proportionality. The described violation is an obvious impact of the bisectional structure of the sentences for the act of murder. The thesis therefore raises the question however a sentence of imprisonment for life is appropriate as a punishment in the Swedish penal system. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Eriksson, Johannes LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Bisectional proportionality in sentences for murder - A critical analysis of a proposed bill
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Straffrätt, Proportionalitet, Mord, Livstids fängelse
language
Swedish
id
4360718
date added to LUP
2014-04-08 08:02:50
date last changed
2014-04-08 08:02:50
@misc{4360718,
  abstract     = {{In their official letter Sharper punishments for murder the Ministry of Justice presents a bill to change the choice of sanctions for murder. The bill suggests that all cases of murder, in which there are aggravating circumstances, shall be punished with life imprisonment. A large number of these acts of murder are, according to applicable law, sentenced to fixed term imprisonment. An alteration in line with the Ministry of Justice’s proposal could be expected to affect both the rule of law and the proportionality within the penal system. The purpose of this essay is therefore to critically examine the proposal of the Ministry of Justice from a perspective of the principle of proportionality in the penal system.

The essay defines the concepts of rule of law and proportionality from legal science on the subject. Furthermore, the development of the Swedish penal system is described. The Swedish penal system has over the last decades changed course from a strict focus on preventive theories into today’s order with the principle of proportionality as the premises for both the legislation and the application of law. The principle of proportionality implies that a punishment should be chosen in proportion to the crime being punished. The theory on proportionality proceeds on the basis that a penalty is the society’s way to blame the criminal action. Therefore the length of a sentence expresses the amount of blame in a criminal act. 

Established law is described in detail in order to analyze the proportionality of the penal system. According to Swedish law someone who commits an act of murder shall be sentenced to a fixed term imprisonment of 10 to 18 years or to imprisonment for life. The types of sentences for the act of murder can be described as bisectional, with its life imprisonment side by side with the fixed term imprisonment. Life imprisonment is considered the most severe sanction in the Swedish penal system, and as a sanction for the act of murder, imprisonment for life is therefore restricted to the most severe actions of murder. Since 2006 prisoners serving a sentence of life imprisonment have been given a possibility to seek for converting of the sentence into a sentence of fixed term imprisonment. The applicable rules for a plausible review of a sentence will be described in connection with the established law. In combination with the possibility to convert a sentence for life imprisonment the applicable range of punishment for the act of murder favours a nuanced approach when meting out the punishments, which enables the penal value to reflect the protest in the sentenced action. Through the analysis the conclusion is reached, that the penal system for the act of murder satisfies the demands set by the principle of proportionality. 

According to the official letter of the Ministry of Justice all acts of murder that are sentenced to a fixed term imprisonment, should instead be punished with life imprisonment. A little over half of all the acts of murder are expected to be punished with imprisonment for life. In addition to the above stated purpose this thesis also seeks to describe how the expected changes in the penal system will have an effect for the principle of proportionality.

The principle of proportionality requires that a society’s blame of an action should be reflected in the penal value of a crime. Given that half of the acts of murder will be sentenced to imprisonment for life, over half of the acts of murder are given the same value of blame. The possibility to nuance the actions, which is given when meting out the punishment according to established law, is therefore at risk. Hence one possible effect of the bill is a weaker proportionality in the penal system.

In the analysis a complexity is tracked down as a result of the possibility to convert a sentence of life imprisonment into a fixed term imprisonment. When converting a sentence of life imprisonment into a fixed term sentence, the principle of proportionality is often considered fulfilled. When the possibilities to convert a sentence are examined, circumstances that are not bound directly to the punished action are reviewed. An analysis gives the conclusion that a converted sentence of life imprisonment is given a penal value that isn’t exclusively based on the amount of blame in the action. To consider other aspects than the amount of blame in an action when meting out the punishment is a clear violation of the principle of proportionality. The described violation is an obvious impact of the bisectional structure of the sentences for the act of murder. The thesis therefore raises the question however a sentence of imprisonment for life is appropriate as a punishment in the Swedish penal system.}},
  author       = {{Eriksson, Johannes}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Tudelad proportionalitet vid mord - Kritik av en föreslagen straffskärpning}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}