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Som en jojo i konkurs - Kapitalförstörelse i likvidations- och konkursinstitutet genom jojo-effekten

Stenfelt, Olivia LU (2014) LAGF03 20141
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The essay deals with the occurrence that when a company is to be terminated and the assets do not cover the liquidation costs and at the same time are too big for a bankruptcy to be completed without excess, then the company will go bankrupt again and again until the assets are exhausted. This is what I call a yo-yo bankruptcy. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the relationship between the liquidation and bankruptcy institutions focusing on the yo-yo problem, and to investigate how to make the procedure more efficient.

In the essay I describe the liquidation and bankruptcy institutions since it is those that occur in the yo-yo bankruptcy. The liquidation procedure is for companies who have violated certain rules, but can also... (More)
The essay deals with the occurrence that when a company is to be terminated and the assets do not cover the liquidation costs and at the same time are too big for a bankruptcy to be completed without excess, then the company will go bankrupt again and again until the assets are exhausted. This is what I call a yo-yo bankruptcy. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the relationship between the liquidation and bankruptcy institutions focusing on the yo-yo problem, and to investigate how to make the procedure more efficient.

In the essay I describe the liquidation and bankruptcy institutions since it is those that occur in the yo-yo bankruptcy. The liquidation procedure is for companies who have violated certain rules, but can also be used voluntarily to terminate a company. The debts are paid, the bookkeeping is approved and finally the company decides upon the liquidator's freedom from liability. The bankruptcy institution is for companies who can not pay their debts. The bankruptcy investigator's task is to divide the company's remaining assets among the creditors, to review the company and among other things investigate if any crime has been committed. If after the completion of the bankruptcy the company in question is deficit it will be terminated in relation with the decision to finish the bankruptcy. If the bankruptcy ends with a surplus the company will be put in liquidation.

Liquidation is expensive and when a company does not have enough assets to cover the liquidation costs it goes bankrupt, which is something that happens to many liquidations. If after completion of the bankruptcy there are assets left, the company will be put in liquidation again, which can lead to another bankruptcy since it is even less assets to pay the liquidation at this time. This procedure can go on for any number of times until the assets are exhausted and divided between the liquidator and the bankruptcy investigator.

To put an end to this procedure I think that lawmakers should again introduce the procedure of a simplified liquidation, as the one that was in practice in Sweden until the early 1980's, but it should be used after the first bankruptcy. The procedure means that a company is terminated without any investigation and the assets transferred to the Swedish State Inheritance Fund. The simplified liquidation was taken away because it contained a risk that economic crimes would go undetected. My suggestion means that the risk is extinguished since the bankruptcy investigator already has investigated if any crime has been committed. There are no statistics of how many companies end up in a yo-yo bankruptcy, but it happens, and it will keep on happening for as long as the law is the same as today, which in itself should constitute incentive to change the law. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen behandlar fenomenet som uppstår när tillgångarna i ett bolag som ska avvecklas inte är tillräckligt stora för att täcka likvidationskostnaderna men samtidigt för stora för att en konkurs ska kunna avslutas utan överskott, då kommer nämligen bolaget att gå i konkurs om och om igen tills tillgångarna tagit slut, en s k jojo-konkurs. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda förhållandet mellan likvidations- och konkursinstituten med fokus på jojo-problematiken, och utreda möjligheterna att effektivisera förfarandet.

Uppsatsen beskriver likvidations- och konkursinstitutet då det är dessa som aktualiseras i en jojo-konkurs. Likvidation används om ett bolag har brutit mot vissa regler, men väljs även frivilligt. Bolagets skulder ska... (More)
Uppsatsen behandlar fenomenet som uppstår när tillgångarna i ett bolag som ska avvecklas inte är tillräckligt stora för att täcka likvidationskostnaderna men samtidigt för stora för att en konkurs ska kunna avslutas utan överskott, då kommer nämligen bolaget att gå i konkurs om och om igen tills tillgångarna tagit slut, en s k jojo-konkurs. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda förhållandet mellan likvidations- och konkursinstituten med fokus på jojo-problematiken, och utreda möjligheterna att effektivisera förfarandet.

Uppsatsen beskriver likvidations- och konkursinstitutet då det är dessa som aktualiseras i en jojo-konkurs. Likvidation används om ett bolag har brutit mot vissa regler, men väljs även frivilligt. Bolagets skulder ska betalas, bokföringen godkännas och slutligen kan bolagsstämman besluta om likvidatorns ansvarsfrihet för likvidationen. Likvidatorns arbete är kostsamt och därför försätts många bolag i likvidation även i konkurs. Konkursinstitutet finns till för att avveckla ett bolag som inte kan betala sina skulder och konkursförvaltaren ska dela upp bolagets kvarvarande tillgångar mellan borgenärerna. I konkursförvaltarens uppdrag ingår att granska bolaget och bl a utreda om brott har begåtts. Om konkursen avslutas med underskott avvecklas bolaget i och med att konkursen avslutas. Om konkursen avslutas med överskott ska tingsrätten besluta försätta bolaget i likvidation.

Likvidation är kostsamt och när ett bolag inte har tillräckligt med tillgångar för att täcka likvidationskostnaderna försätts det i konkurs. Om det efter genomförd konkurs finns tillgångar kvar beslutas bolaget i likvidation igen, vilket kan leda till en ny konkurs då det finns mindre tillgångar kvar. Detta kan upprepas ett antal gånger innan tillgångarna i bolaget har delats upp mellan likvidator och konkursförvaltare.

För att sätta ett stopp på karusellen anser jag att lagstiftaren borde införa förenklad likvidation som alternativ efter en första konkurs. Det förfarandet fanns som alternativ till vanlig likvidation fram till tidigt 1980-tal när det lades ner p g a risken att man inte skulle upptäcka ekonomisk brottslighet, eftersom förfarandet innebär att bolaget avslutas utan granskning och tillgångarna går till allmänna arvsfonden. Då en brottsundersökning görs i den första konkursen innebär mitt förslag ingen sådan risk. Det finns ingen statistik för hur många bolag som drabbas av jojo-karusellen, men det händer, och det kommer fortsätta att hända så länge systemet ser ut som idag, vilket i sig borde utgöra incitament att ändra förfarandet. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Stenfelt, Olivia LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20141
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
obeståndsrätt
language
Swedish
id
4449085
date added to LUP
2014-06-17 10:15:29
date last changed
2014-06-17 10:15:29
@misc{4449085,
  abstract     = {{The essay deals with the occurrence that when a company is to be terminated and the assets do not cover the liquidation costs and at the same time are too big for a bankruptcy to be completed without excess, then the company will go bankrupt again and again until the assets are exhausted. This is what I call a yo-yo bankruptcy. The purpose of this essay is to investigate the relationship between the liquidation and bankruptcy institutions focusing on the yo-yo problem, and to investigate how to make the procedure more efficient.

In the essay I describe the liquidation and bankruptcy institutions since it is those that occur in the yo-yo bankruptcy. The liquidation procedure is for companies who have violated certain rules, but can also be used voluntarily to terminate a company. The debts are paid, the bookkeeping is approved and finally the company decides upon the liquidator's freedom from liability. The bankruptcy institution is for companies who can not pay their debts. The bankruptcy investigator's task is to divide the company's remaining assets among the creditors, to review the company and among other things investigate if any crime has been committed. If after the completion of the bankruptcy the company in question is deficit it will be terminated in relation with the decision to finish the bankruptcy. If the bankruptcy ends with a surplus the company will be put in liquidation.

Liquidation is expensive and when a company does not have enough assets to cover the liquidation costs it goes bankrupt, which is something that happens to many liquidations. If after completion of the bankruptcy there are assets left, the company will be put in liquidation again, which can lead to another bankruptcy since it is even less assets to pay the liquidation at this time. This procedure can go on for any number of times until the assets are exhausted and divided between the liquidator and the bankruptcy investigator.

To put an end to this procedure I think that lawmakers should again introduce the procedure of a simplified liquidation, as the one that was in practice in Sweden until the early 1980's, but it should be used after the first bankruptcy. The procedure means that a company is terminated without any investigation and the assets transferred to the Swedish State Inheritance Fund. The simplified liquidation was taken away because it contained a risk that economic crimes would go undetected. My suggestion means that the risk is extinguished since the bankruptcy investigator already has investigated if any crime has been committed. There are no statistics of how many companies end up in a yo-yo bankruptcy, but it happens, and it will keep on happening for as long as the law is the same as today, which in itself should constitute incentive to change the law.}},
  author       = {{Stenfelt, Olivia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Som en jojo i konkurs - Kapitalförstörelse i likvidations- och konkursinstitutet genom jojo-effekten}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}