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Felansvar vid skador på grund av enstegstätade fasadkonstruktioner – därtill om felansvarets utformning utifrån ett rättsekonomiskt analysperspektiv

Holm, Klara LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Under 1990-talet och fram till 2007 uppfördes uppskattningsvis 15 000 – 30 000 byggnader med en så kallad enstegstätad fasadkonstruktion. Konstruktionen innebär att husfasaden byggs i ett enda stycke, utan mellanliggande fuktdränerande luftspalt. Fram till 2007 ansågs konstruktionen vara mycket bra, men i början av 2007 uppdagades det att konstruktionen inte var så bra som branschen trott, utan snarare utgjorde en riskkonstruktion. Detta på grund av att en rad fall av kraftiga fuktskador i fasaden påträffades, vilka berodde på att fasaden utgjorde otillräckligt skydd mot vatten och att inträngande fukt inte hade någon möjlighet att torka ut.

Föreliggande uppsats utreder huruvida en köpare som genom en fastighetsöverlåtelse förvärvat en... (More)
Under 1990-talet och fram till 2007 uppfördes uppskattningsvis 15 000 – 30 000 byggnader med en så kallad enstegstätad fasadkonstruktion. Konstruktionen innebär att husfasaden byggs i ett enda stycke, utan mellanliggande fuktdränerande luftspalt. Fram till 2007 ansågs konstruktionen vara mycket bra, men i början av 2007 uppdagades det att konstruktionen inte var så bra som branschen trott, utan snarare utgjorde en riskkonstruktion. Detta på grund av att en rad fall av kraftiga fuktskador i fasaden påträffades, vilka berodde på att fasaden utgjorde otillräckligt skydd mot vatten och att inträngande fukt inte hade någon möjlighet att torka ut.

Föreliggande uppsats utreder huruvida en köpare som genom en fastighetsöverlåtelse förvärvat en fastighet med den aktuella konstruktionen kan få ersättning enligt jordabalken (JB), samt om en konsument som låter en näringsidkare uppföra en byggnad i form av en konsumententreprenad kan få ersättning av näringsidkaren enligt konsumenttjänstlagen (KtjL). Slutsatsen är att rättsläget är oklart men att såväl köpare av en fastighet som en konsument som låtit uppföra en konsumententreprenad torde kunna få ersättning. Detta eftersom en nyuppförd fuktskadad fastighet måste anses avvika från köparens befogade förväntningar enligt JB 4 kap. 19 § och att resultatet av konsumententreprenaden måste anses förfelat enligt KtjL 9 § när byggnaden har en fasad som inte står emot väta. I framställningen används två hovrättsfall för att problematisera rättsläget. I det första fallet rörde det sig om en fastighetsöverlåtelse enligt JB och där fann hovrätten att fasaden var felaktig och att säljaren ansvarade för felet. I det andra fallet rörde det sig som om ett flertal konsumententreprenader och där fann hovrätten att entreprenaderna inte var felaktiga.

Prejudicerande rättspraxis saknas men författaren förespråkar en tolkning av gällande rätt som innebär att såväl köparen vid fastighetsöverlåtelsen som konsumenten vid konsumententreprenaden ska kunna göra felet gällande mot säljaren respektive entreprenören. Som skäl för tolkningen används argument baserade på rättsekonomiska teorier om effektiv riskplacering. Teorierna anger att risken för fel ska placeras på den part som risken är minst betungande för, utifrån parternas möjligheter att förebygga alternativt försäkra sig till lägst totalkostnad. Beträffande konsumententreprenader antas näringsidkaren ha bäst möjligheter att förebygga, eftersom denne kontrollerar sin verksamhet och dessutom i egenskap av fackman kan förväntas känna till potentiella risker bättre än konsumenten. När det rör sig om en fastighetsöverlåtelse föreligger sällan samma möjligheter att förebygga, varför det istället blir avgörande vem av parterna som kan teckna försäkring till lägst kostnad. Med kostnad åsyftas totalkostnaden, inklusive kostnaden för att anskaffa information om vilka risker som finns att försäkra sig mot. Då säljaren normalt bor i byggnaden och även i övrigt typiskt sett har ett informationsövertag i förhållande till köparen bör risken därför placeras på denne. (Less)
Abstract
During the 1990s until 2007, approximately 15,000 to 30,000 buildings were built with a particular construction method known as External Thermal Insulation Composite System Walls, which means that the facade is constructed in one piece with no intervening air gap. Until 2007 the construction was considered to be appropriate, but in 2007 was found that it was not as good as people thought, and was rather a high risk construction due to the the risk of serious moisture damage caused by the constructions inability to drain off moisture intrusion.

This paper investigates whether a buyer of a real estate property with the aforementioned construction can receive compensation from the seller according to the Land Code, and whether a consumer... (More)
During the 1990s until 2007, approximately 15,000 to 30,000 buildings were built with a particular construction method known as External Thermal Insulation Composite System Walls, which means that the facade is constructed in one piece with no intervening air gap. Until 2007 the construction was considered to be appropriate, but in 2007 was found that it was not as good as people thought, and was rather a high risk construction due to the the risk of serious moisture damage caused by the constructions inability to drain off moisture intrusion.

This paper investigates whether a buyer of a real estate property with the aforementioned construction can receive compensation from the seller according to the Land Code, and whether a consumer who has allowed a contractor to erect a building with the construction has the right to compensation pursuant to the Consumer Services Act. The conclusion is that the legal position is unclear, but the buyer as well as the consumer seem to have the possibility to receive compensation. The reason for that concerning the real estate transfer is that the damages due to the construction must be considered to deviate from the buyer's reasonable expectations under the Land Code chapter 4 § 19. Concerning the erect building a result which implies that the building does not resist moisture must be considered insufficient according to the Consumer Services Act § 9. In the essay two cases from two different Courts of Appeals are used to problematize the situation. In the first case, a buyer of a real estate was given the right to compensation because of the incorrect construction, as was found by the court found. In the second case the outcome was reversed and the construction was not considered to be faulty.

There is no significant case law from the Swedish Supreme Court on this matter, but the author advocates an interpretation of the legal position which means that the buyer of a real estate property as well as a consumer who has allowed a contractor to erect a building should have the right to compensation. The reasons for the opinion are based upon theories about efficiency from what is known as law and economics. The theories indicate that the risk of error in a contract relationship should be placed on the party with the least burden to carry the risk, with respect to the parties' ability to prevent the risk or to cover insurance to the lowest cost. The contractor can be assumed to have the ability to prevent a risk, whereby he or she should bear the risk. In the case of a real estate transfer, there are rarely the same opportunities to prevent this rist. Therefore, it should rather be placed based on the ability to cover insurance at the lowest cost. ’Costs’ here referring to all transaction costs, including providing information on present risks. Since the seller is normally living in the property he or she is typically more familiar with the potential risks, which is why the risk should be placed upon him or her. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Holm, Klara LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Damages caused by External Thermal Insulation Composite System Walls - the seller and contractors liability for defects according to the Land Code and the Consumer Services Act
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
förmögenhetsrätt, fastighetsrätt, rättsekonomi, konsumenträtt, civilrätt, enstegstätade fasadkonstruktioner, konsumententreprenader, entreprenadrätt
language
Swedish
id
4449250
date added to LUP
2014-06-12 08:44:12
date last changed
2014-06-12 08:44:12
@misc{4449250,
  abstract     = {{During the 1990s until 2007, approximately 15,000 to 30,000 buildings were built with a particular construction method known as External Thermal Insulation Composite System Walls, which means that the facade is constructed in one piece with no intervening air gap. Until 2007 the construction was considered to be appropriate, but in 2007 was found that it was not as good as people thought, and was rather a high risk construction due to the the risk of serious moisture damage caused by the constructions inability to drain off moisture intrusion.

This paper investigates whether a buyer of a real estate property with the aforementioned construction can receive compensation from the seller according to the Land Code, and whether a consumer who has allowed a contractor to erect a building with the construction has the right to compensation pursuant to the Consumer Services Act. The conclusion is that the legal position is unclear, but the buyer as well as the consumer seem to have the possibility to receive compensation. The reason for that concerning the real estate transfer is that the damages due to the construction must be considered to deviate from the buyer's reasonable expectations under the Land Code chapter 4 § 19. Concerning the erect building a result which implies that the building does not resist moisture must be considered insufficient according to the Consumer Services Act § 9. In the essay two cases from two different Courts of Appeals are used to problematize the situation. In the first case, a buyer of a real estate was given the right to compensation because of the incorrect construction, as was found by the court found. In the second case the outcome was reversed and the construction was not considered to be faulty.

There is no significant case law from the Swedish Supreme Court on this matter, but the author advocates an interpretation of the legal position which means that the buyer of a real estate property as well as a consumer who has allowed a contractor to erect a building should have the right to compensation. The reasons for the opinion are based upon theories about efficiency from what is known as law and economics. The theories indicate that the risk of error in a contract relationship should be placed on the party with the least burden to carry the risk, with respect to the parties' ability to prevent the risk or to cover insurance to the lowest cost. The contractor can be assumed to have the ability to prevent a risk, whereby he or she should bear the risk. In the case of a real estate transfer, there are rarely the same opportunities to prevent this rist. Therefore, it should rather be placed based on the ability to cover insurance at the lowest cost. ’Costs’ here referring to all transaction costs, including providing information on present risks. Since the seller is normally living in the property he or she is typically more familiar with the potential risks, which is why the risk should be placed upon him or her.}},
  author       = {{Holm, Klara}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Felansvar vid skador på grund av enstegstätade fasadkonstruktioner – därtill om felansvarets utformning utifrån ett rättsekonomiskt analysperspektiv}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}