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"I nöd och lust" - Våldtäkt inom äktenskap, den rättshistoriska utvecklingen

Sernbo, Karin LU (2014) LAGF03 20141
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda kriminaliseringen av våldtäkt inom äktenskap. Detta har gjorts utifrån bland annat statens offentliga utredningar, remissinstansers yttranden och protokoll från riksdagens två kammare. Vilka huvudsakliga faktorer som bidrog till kriminaliseringen är den ledande frågeställningen som genomsyrar uppsatsen.

Våldtäkt är ett omdiskuterat ämne i dagens samhälle och har länge ansetts vara ett allvarligt brott. Idag råder ingen tvekan om att våldtäkt kan ske inom äktenskap, men för inte allt så längesedan var det långt ifrån en fråga med ett självklart svar. 1864 kriminaliserades hustrumisshandel, men inte våldtäkt inom äktenskap. Anledningen till detta var bland annat dåtidens föreställning om att mannen hade... (More)
Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda kriminaliseringen av våldtäkt inom äktenskap. Detta har gjorts utifrån bland annat statens offentliga utredningar, remissinstansers yttranden och protokoll från riksdagens två kammare. Vilka huvudsakliga faktorer som bidrog till kriminaliseringen är den ledande frågeställningen som genomsyrar uppsatsen.

Våldtäkt är ett omdiskuterat ämne i dagens samhälle och har länge ansetts vara ett allvarligt brott. Idag råder ingen tvekan om att våldtäkt kan ske inom äktenskap, men för inte allt så längesedan var det långt ifrån en fråga med ett självklart svar. 1864 kriminaliserades hustrumisshandel, men inte våldtäkt inom äktenskap. Anledningen till detta var bland annat dåtidens föreställning om att mannen hade en rätt att kräva könsumgänge av sin hustru. Kvinnans make kunde således inte vara gärningsman. Samhällets och lagstiftarens uppfattning var att kvinnans kropp tillhörde mannen, en våldtäkt utgjorde därmed en kränkning av mannens och familjens ära.

Kvinnans rättsliga ställning stärktes med emancipationsdebatterna i slutet på 1800-talet och har sedan dess varit mycket omdiskuterat i samhällsdebatten. Rätten att kunna försörja sig, stå självständig från sin make, rätt till utbildning och arbete var några av de grundläggande kraven som ställdes. Första världskriget var en bidragande faktor till kvinnans stärkta ställning. Kvinnans arbetskraft krävdes då männen var ute i krig, vilket bidrog till att kvinnor kunde försörja sig själva och bli mer självständiga från sina män. På 1900-talet höjdes röster om kvinnans rättsliga ställning och en ändring av våldtäktslagstiftningen, men det var långt ifrån alla som var för en utvidgning vilket föranledde en intensiv debatt i riksdagens två kammare. Remissinstanserna yttrade sig bland annat om hur kvinnor skulle försöka utnyttja lagstiftningen för att utpressa och trakassera sina män. Vid tidpunkten för kriminaliseringen var abort tillåtet endast i de fall då graviditeten uppkommit genom en våldtäkt. Motståndare menade att kvinnor falskeligen skulle anklaga sina män för våldtäkt enbart för att få tillstånd till abort. De som var för kriminaliseringen argumenterade för kvinnans självbestämmanderätt och sexuella integritet samt att gifta kvinnor skulle inte åtnjuta sämre skydd än ogifta.

Fram till 1950-talet var våldtäktsbrotten ovanliga mål i domstolarna. Våldtäktsoffer drar sig för att anmäla brottet och mörkertalet är stort. Trots att samhället sedan en lång tid tillbaka sett allvarligt på våldtäkt har beviskraven för brottet varit exceptionellt hårda. Den nya lagstiftningen som trädde i kraft 1965, där våldtäkt inom äktenskap nu omfattades, saknade egentligen praktisk betydelse. En relation mellan offer och gärningsman sågs som en förmildrande omständighet och brottsrubriceringen blev istället våldförande. Det var först med 1984 års lag, när hänsyn inte längre togs till parternas relation, som de första domarna om våldtäkt inom äktenskap kunde komma.

Med bland annat sekulariseringen, nya familjekonstellationer, den liberala synen på sexualitet samt ”den sexuella revolutionen” röstades lagförslaget igenom. Från att ha handlat om att skydda familjen och främst mannens ära övergick skyddsintresset till individens självbestämmande rätt och sexuella integritet. (Less)
Abstract
The purpose of this essay is to study the criminalization of rape within marriage. The essay is based on the state's public inquiries, opinions from several referral bodies and the protocol from the two-chamber Parliament. What pervades this essay is to find the main factors that contributed to the criminalization.

Rape has always been a hotly debated question and a serious crime. Today there is no doubt that a rape can occur within marriage, but not that long ago it was far from a question with an obvious answer. In 1864 wife beating was criminalized, but not a word was mentioned about rape within marriage. One of many reasons for this was the conception during this period of time that a man possessed the right to demand sexual... (More)
The purpose of this essay is to study the criminalization of rape within marriage. The essay is based on the state's public inquiries, opinions from several referral bodies and the protocol from the two-chamber Parliament. What pervades this essay is to find the main factors that contributed to the criminalization.

Rape has always been a hotly debated question and a serious crime. Today there is no doubt that a rape can occur within marriage, but not that long ago it was far from a question with an obvious answer. In 1864 wife beating was criminalized, but not a word was mentioned about rape within marriage. One of many reasons for this was the conception during this period of time that a man possessed the right to demand sexual intercourse with his wife. The husband could therefore not be the perpetrator. Society and the legislature’s perception was that a woman's body belonged to her husband and a rape constituted a violation of his and the family's honor.

The woman's legal position was strengthened by the emancipation debates in the 19th century and since then, rape has always been a crucial question in the public debates. A woman’s right to make a living and being independent from her husband was extremely rare at this point. The right to get an education and be able to work was some of the basic requirements demanded. The First World War had a contributing factor to the woman's strengthening place in society. While men were at war, women were needed at work. Women could now support themselves and become more independent from their husbands. In the 20th century the legal rights for women became an even further debated question. Voices were raised about the amendment of the rape law and although the extension of the legislation was voted through, opinions were divided. This prompted an intense debate in the two-chamber Parliament. Several referral bodies argued that women would try to exploit the law to blackmail and harass their husbands. At the time of the criminalization, abortion was only permitted if rape was the cause of the pregnancy. Opponents argued that women would falsely accuse their men to get permission for an abortion. The proponents of the criminalization referred to the woman's sexual integrity and autonomy and found no reason for married women to receive less protection than unmarried women.

Until the 1950s, rape crimes were rare cases in courts. Victims of rape are to this day reluctant to report the crime and because of this the number of unreported cases is high. Although society has considered rape a serious crime for a long period of time, the required evidence for conviction have been exceptionally harsh. Unfortunately, the new rape legislation lacked much practical significance. A relationship between the victim and the perpetrator was seen as a mitigating circumstance and the crime classification was instead a milder form of rape (våldförande). Not until the law of 1984, when account no longer was taken to the parties' relationship, could the first judgments on rape within marriage conclude.

Secularization, new family formations, liberal views on sexuality and the "sexual revolution" contributed to the criminalization. The protected party transferred from the family and particularly the man's honor, to protecting the individual's autonomy and sexual integrity. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Sernbo, Karin LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20141
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
rättshistoria, våldtäkt
language
Swedish
id
4449555
date added to LUP
2014-06-17 10:15:55
date last changed
2014-06-17 10:15:55
@misc{4449555,
  abstract     = {{The purpose of this essay is to study the criminalization of rape within marriage. The essay is based on the state's public inquiries, opinions from several referral bodies and the protocol from the two-chamber Parliament. What pervades this essay is to find the main factors that contributed to the criminalization.

Rape has always been a hotly debated question and a serious crime. Today there is no doubt that a rape can occur within marriage, but not that long ago it was far from a question with an obvious answer. In 1864 wife beating was criminalized, but not a word was mentioned about rape within marriage. One of many reasons for this was the conception during this period of time that a man possessed the right to demand sexual intercourse with his wife. The husband could therefore not be the perpetrator. Society and the legislature’s perception was that a woman's body belonged to her husband and a rape constituted a violation of his and the family's honor. 

The woman's legal position was strengthened by the emancipation debates in the 19th century and since then, rape has always been a crucial question in the public debates. A woman’s right to make a living and being independent from her husband was extremely rare at this point. The right to get an education and be able to work was some of the basic requirements demanded. The First World War had a contributing factor to the woman's strengthening place in society. While men were at war, women were needed at work. Women could now support themselves and become more independent from their husbands. In the 20th century the legal rights for women became an even further debated question. Voices were raised about the amendment of the rape law and although the extension of the legislation was voted through, opinions were divided. This prompted an intense debate in the two-chamber Parliament. Several referral bodies argued that women would try to exploit the law to blackmail and harass their husbands. At the time of the criminalization, abortion was only permitted if rape was the cause of the pregnancy. Opponents argued that women would falsely accuse their men to get permission for an abortion. The proponents of the criminalization referred to the woman's sexual integrity and autonomy and found no reason for married women to receive less protection than unmarried women.

Until the 1950s, rape crimes were rare cases in courts. Victims of rape are to this day reluctant to report the crime and because of this the number of unreported cases is high. Although society has considered rape a serious crime for a long period of time, the required evidence for conviction have been exceptionally harsh. Unfortunately, the new rape legislation lacked much practical significance. A relationship between the victim and the perpetrator was seen as a mitigating circumstance and the crime classification was instead a milder form of rape (våldförande). Not until the law of 1984, when account no longer was taken to the parties' relationship, could the first judgments on rape within marriage conclude.

Secularization, new family formations, liberal views on sexuality and the "sexual revolution" contributed to the criminalization. The protected party transferred from the family and particularly the man's honor, to protecting the individual's autonomy and sexual integrity.}},
  author       = {{Sernbo, Karin}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{"I nöd och lust" - Våldtäkt inom äktenskap, den rättshistoriska utvecklingen}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}