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Whose Rule of Law in the case of International Signals Intelligence?

Kvist, Erik LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Doktrinen kring rättsstatsprincipen är nära sammanflätad med vad det innebär att leva i ett demokratiskt samhälle. Det är en rättsfilosofi som appliceras aktivt i domstolar och internationella organisationer såsom Europadomstolen och Förenta Nationerna, som en absolut nödvändighet för att främja och implementera rättvisa och fred på jorden. Trots skiljda tolkningar av vad principen om rättsstaten innebär, förblir ansvarsskyldighet centralt till begreppet, då ett samhälle i avsaknad av rättstatsprincipen också, per definition, saknar ansvarsskyldighet. Den prominente professor Peczenik identifierar två typer av ansvarsskyldighet- informellt ansvar där regeringar ej längre kommer vara vid makten efter nästkommande val om de inte tillmötesgår... (More)
Doktrinen kring rättsstatsprincipen är nära sammanflätad med vad det innebär att leva i ett demokratiskt samhälle. Det är en rättsfilosofi som appliceras aktivt i domstolar och internationella organisationer såsom Europadomstolen och Förenta Nationerna, som en absolut nödvändighet för att främja och implementera rättvisa och fred på jorden. Trots skiljda tolkningar av vad principen om rättsstaten innebär, förblir ansvarsskyldighet centralt till begreppet, då ett samhälle i avsaknad av rättstatsprincipen också, per definition, saknar ansvarsskyldighet. Den prominente professor Peczenik identifierar två typer av ansvarsskyldighet- informellt ansvar där regeringar ej längre kommer vara vid makten efter nästkommande val om de inte tillmötesgår väljarnas önskemål, och formellt ansvar där kriminella handlingar ska bedömas i ljuset av lagen på ett sätt som är lika för alla medborgare.

Världen befann sig nyligen i en situation där stater som vanligen anses vara förkämpar för den demokratiska världen visade sig kringgå de mest fundamentala av principer som tillsammans utgör rättsstaten. Snowden- avslöjandena visade att USA, Storbritannien, Sverige och Tyskland (bland andra) underhåller hemliga informationsutlämningsavtal, lagar, nätverk och uppdrag, varav alla dessa påverkar miljarder människor över hela jorden, som är inkapabla av att förutse konsekvenserna som deras handlingar eventuellt har. Detta underminerar en central del av legalitetsprincipen.

Att tillåta ett förminskande av legalitetsprincipen på ett okontrollerat sätt skulle slutligen innebära demokratins bortgång. Således, för att klargöra vad rättsstatsprincipen och demokrati innebär i ett signalspaningskontext, utvärderar detta verk lagligheten av nuvarande signalspaningsutbyten genom en traditionell rättsdogmatisk och rättsfilosofisk metod, adekvansen hos tre nivåer av lagstiftning: internationell rätt, regional rätt och bilaterala avtal. Avhandlingen finner att de berörda staterna kränker internationell rätt, regional rätt och rättsstatsprincipen på ett antal sätt. Dessa inkluderar användandet av diplomatiska beskickningar på ett sätt som är oförenligt med Vienkonventionen om Diplomatiska Förbindelser, tillåtandet av hemliga avtal och lagstiftning samt inhämtning av kommunikationsinformation i strid med Europakonventionen om de Mänskliga Rättigheterna. Staterna har också eventuellt brutit mot principen om non- intervention och signalspanat på ett sätt som inte är förenligt med informationsutlämningsavtalens syften. Dock bör det tilläggas att mer information behövs för att uttömmande analysera de två sista påståendena.

På så sätt framgår det i avhandlingen att de existerande regelverken för signalspaning är rigorösa i sig själva: internationell rätt och konventioner är tydliga i att de inte tillåter sådant agerande som Snowden- avslöjandena visade och det finns god basis att argumentera för att Europadomstolens praxis förbjuder all hemlig lagstiftning och hemliga avtal som kan påverka medborgare på ett oförutsebart sätt. Vidare är det rimligt att Europadomstolen skulle fälla en stat som kontrakterar en annan stat i signalspaningsärenden för att kringgå sina förpliktelser gentemot medborgarna, i ljuset av doktrinen kring ’effective control’. Dock finns det processrättsliga hinder att utöva ansvarsskyldighet i dessa fora. Europadomstolen kan endast ta upp ett fall till prövning och utöka sin praxis om målet har uttömt alla inhemska rättsmedel, vilket ofrånkomligen kommer vara en långdragen och kostsam process. Vidare är den internationella domstolen i Haag bunden av uppfyllandet av specifika kriterier, vilka slutligen beror på partsviljan staterna emellan. Under tiden som fall inte kan tas upp till prövning på grund av processrättsliga hinder i internationella tribunaler fortsätter stater att underminera medborgares rättigheter och demokratiska principer.

Således når avhandlingen slutsatsen att det finns behov av ett starkare regionalt ramverk inom området. Ett sådant exempel hade kunnat vara ett kontrollorgan inom EU som på ett proaktivt sätt hade kunnat se till att inhemsk lagstiftning i signalspaningsområdet blir till och fungerar på ett sätt som är förenligt med rättsstatsprincipen, utan de processrättsliga hinder som tillkommer en tribunal. (Less)
Abstract
The doctrine on Rule of Law is intrinsic to what it means to live in a democratic society. It is a legal philosophy which has been, and continues to be, actively applied by courts and international organizations such as the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations, as an absolute necessity to promote and enforce justice and peace across the globe. Despite diverse interpretations of the meaning of Rule of Law, accountability (or responsibility of those in power, as it is sometimes called), remains at the heart of the concept. As an illustration, a society void or Rule of Law is also, per definition, void of accountability. Renowned Professor Peczenik identifies two types of accountability: informal responsibility, where... (More)
The doctrine on Rule of Law is intrinsic to what it means to live in a democratic society. It is a legal philosophy which has been, and continues to be, actively applied by courts and international organizations such as the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations, as an absolute necessity to promote and enforce justice and peace across the globe. Despite diverse interpretations of the meaning of Rule of Law, accountability (or responsibility of those in power, as it is sometimes called), remains at the heart of the concept. As an illustration, a society void or Rule of Law is also, per definition, void of accountability. Renowned Professor Peczenik identifies two types of accountability: informal responsibility, where governments will face a loss of power in upcoming elections if they do not satisfy the wishes of the constituency, and formal responsibility, where criminal actions shall be judged according to the law in a manner equal to all citizens.

The world recently found itself in a situation where states that are usually thought of as champions of the democratic world were revealed to sidestep the most fundamental of principles of Rule of Law. The Snowden reports showed how the US, the UK, Sweden and Germany (among other states) entertain secret intelligence exchange agreements, legislation, networks and operations; all of which affect billions of citizens around the world who are unable to foresee the consequences of their actions. This undermines the very essence of the principle of legality.

Allowing to compromise the principle of legality in an unchecked manner would, ultimately, mean the end of democracy. Therefore, to elucidate principles of Rule of Law and democracy in the field of signals intelligence, this work evaluates the legality of current SIGINT exchanges using a classical legal method and jurisprudence to assess the adequacy of three levels of legislation: international law, regional law and bilateral treaties. The work finds that the assessed states violate international law, regional law and Rule of Law on a number of points. These include using diplomatic missions in a way contrary to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, allowing undisclosed agreements and legislation, and scanning communication contrary to the European Convention on Human Rights. The states might possibly have breached the principle of non- intervention and conducted intelligence acquisition contrary to the specified objectives of agreements. However, it should be noted that more information is needed to comprehensively assess the two last points.

Consequently, the thesis finds that the existing legal framework for SIGINT exchange is rigorous in itself. International law and conventions condemn the revealed actions in a clear way, and there is good basis to read ECtHR case- law as forbidding all hidden legislation and pact- making which might affect citizens in an unforeseeable way. Furthermore, it is reasonable that the ECtHR would strike down on parties who contract another state in surveillance matters to circumvent civil rights obligations, on the basis of the doctrine of ‘effective control’. However, the difficulty in enforcing accountability in those fora is procedural. ECtHR can only hear cases and expand its case- law if a domestic case exhausts all local remedies, which will be a lengthy and costly process; moreover, the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice relies on the fulfillment of specific criteria, which ultimately depend on the will of the parties. Meanwhile, states violate civil- rights and undermine core principles of democracy.

As such, the thesis finds that there is a need for a stronger regional framework in the field. An example of this could be a supervisory organ in the EU, proactively enforcing principles of Rule of Law in the states’ domestic legislation, without the procedural hindrances of a tribunal. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Kvist, Erik LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
public international law, jurisprudence, EU law, SIGINT, surveillance, Snowden, Rule of Law, intelligence exchange agreement
language
English
id
4449771
date added to LUP
2014-06-12 08:46:54
date last changed
2014-06-12 08:46:54
@misc{4449771,
  abstract     = {{The doctrine on Rule of Law is intrinsic to what it means to live in a democratic society. It is a legal philosophy which has been, and continues to be, actively applied by courts and international organizations such as the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations, as an absolute necessity to promote and enforce justice and peace across the globe. Despite diverse interpretations of the meaning of Rule of Law, accountability (or responsibility of those in power, as it is sometimes called), remains at the heart of the concept. As an illustration, a society void or Rule of Law is also, per definition, void of accountability. Renowned Professor Peczenik identifies two types of accountability: informal responsibility, where governments will face a loss of power in upcoming elections if they do not satisfy the wishes of the constituency, and formal responsibility, where criminal actions shall be judged according to the law in a manner equal to all citizens.

The world recently found itself in a situation where states that are usually thought of as champions of the democratic world were revealed to sidestep the most fundamental of principles of Rule of Law. The Snowden reports showed how the US, the UK, Sweden and Germany (among other states) entertain secret intelligence exchange agreements, legislation, networks and operations; all of which affect billions of citizens around the world who are unable to foresee the consequences of their actions. This undermines the very essence of the principle of legality.

Allowing to compromise the principle of legality in an unchecked manner would, ultimately, mean the end of democracy. Therefore, to elucidate principles of Rule of Law and democracy in the field of signals intelligence, this work evaluates the legality of current SIGINT exchanges using a classical legal method and jurisprudence to assess the adequacy of three levels of legislation: international law, regional law and bilateral treaties. The work finds that the assessed states violate international law, regional law and Rule of Law on a number of points. These include using diplomatic missions in a way contrary to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, allowing undisclosed agreements and legislation, and scanning communication contrary to the European Convention on Human Rights. The states might possibly have breached the principle of non- intervention and conducted intelligence acquisition contrary to the specified objectives of agreements. However, it should be noted that more information is needed to comprehensively assess the two last points.

Consequently, the thesis finds that the existing legal framework for SIGINT exchange is rigorous in itself. International law and conventions condemn the revealed actions in a clear way, and there is good basis to read ECtHR case- law as forbidding all hidden legislation and pact- making which might affect citizens in an unforeseeable way. Furthermore, it is reasonable that the ECtHR would strike down on parties who contract another state in surveillance matters to circumvent civil rights obligations, on the basis of the doctrine of ‘effective control’. However, the difficulty in enforcing accountability in those fora is procedural. ECtHR can only hear cases and expand its case- law if a domestic case exhausts all local remedies, which will be a lengthy and costly process; moreover, the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice relies on the fulfillment of specific criteria, which ultimately depend on the will of the parties. Meanwhile, states violate civil- rights and undermine core principles of democracy.

As such, the thesis finds that there is a need for a stronger regional framework in the field. An example of this could be a supervisory organ in the EU, proactively enforcing principles of Rule of Law in the states’ domestic legislation, without the procedural hindrances of a tribunal.}},
  author       = {{Kvist, Erik}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Whose Rule of Law in the case of International Signals Intelligence?}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}