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LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Tekniken möter juridiken: Hypertextlänkar ur ett upphovsrättsligt perspektiv

Gustafsson, Malin LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Internet har bara de senaste årtiondena intagit en självklar roll i västvärldens vardag; genom denna kanal sker såväl social kommunikation och marknadsföring som affärstransaktioner och myndighetsutövning. Internets framväxt – och dess stigande antal användare – har givit upphov till nya behov av lagstiftning och normering; när den nya tekniken, vilken utvecklas och breddas för var dag som går, möter juridiken uppstår ständigt nya konflikter, vilkas lösning inte alltid möter de krav på en flexibel och inrymmande reglering som såväl internetanvändare som lagstiftare uppställer.

Inte minst på det upphovsrättsliga området har ett antal spörsmål uppstått till följd av den rasande takt i vilken internet utvecklas. I denna framställning... (More)
Internet har bara de senaste årtiondena intagit en självklar roll i västvärldens vardag; genom denna kanal sker såväl social kommunikation och marknadsföring som affärstransaktioner och myndighetsutövning. Internets framväxt – och dess stigande antal användare – har givit upphov till nya behov av lagstiftning och normering; när den nya tekniken, vilken utvecklas och breddas för var dag som går, möter juridiken uppstår ständigt nya konflikter, vilkas lösning inte alltid möter de krav på en flexibel och inrymmande reglering som såväl internetanvändare som lagstiftare uppställer.

Inte minst på det upphovsrättsliga området har ett antal spörsmål uppstått till följd av den rasande takt i vilken internet utvecklas. I denna framställning behandlas ett av dessa, nämligen länkning till upphovsrättsligt skyddade verk. Detta förfarande, som utgör en grundförutsättning för webbens funktion och användarvänlighet, har det senaste decenniet givit upphov till såväl oenig debatt i doktrin som avgöranden med varierande utgång i svenska och internationella domstolar. En kamp mellan tekniken, och den frihet till information som denna medger, och juridiken, som tillerkänner upphovsmannen en exklusiv rätt att nyttja sina alster, håller på att utkämpas och har nu nått högsta instans inom den europeiska gemenskapen, då EU-domstolen har upptagit ett mål1 avséende länkning till prövning.

Uppsatsens tolkar förhandsavgörandet i detta länkningsmål som EU-domstolen hann lämna under tiden för framställningens tillkomst, i syfte att söka fastställa huruvida länkar i allmänhet, och hypertextlänkar i synnerhet, är att betrakta som upphovs-rättsliga förfoganden i form av överföringar till allmänheten. Som fond till denna analys ges en överblick av såväl de tekniska processer genom vilka internet och länkar verkar, som den upphovsrättsliga reglering som har bäring på rättsfallets prövning. Vidare ges även redogörelse för de mål behandlandes länkar vilka har föregått EU-domstolens prövning, i syfte att fastställa det rättsläge som var gällande innan februari 2014, då den gemenskapsrättliga domstolen kungjorde sitt avgörande.

I analysen av det förhandsavgörande som i denna framställning ställs i fokus, framkommer att EU-domstolen gör ett principiellt uttalande avséende länkar när denna konstaterar att dessa utgör en överföring till allmänheten i upphovsrättslig mening – oaktat om någon användare har begagnat sig av denna hänvisning eller ej. Domstolen fastställer dock att för att denna överföring ska utgöra ett intrång i upphovsmannens ensamrätt krävs att ett rekvisit om ny publik är uppfyllt. Med detta avser domstolen att de användare som potentiellt, genom länken, kan beredas tillgång till ett verk måste utgöra en mottagarkrets som upphovsmannen till verket i fråga inte tog med i beräkningen skulle kunna ta del av alstret när denne gav sitt samtycke till publiceringen av sitt verk på den webbsida till vilken länken hänvisar.

Med bakgrund av detta, konstateras att domstolen genom detta förhandsavgörande visserligen uttalar konkreta satser – avséende såväl länkarnas position i den upphovsrättliga kontexten som fastställandet av ny publik-rekvisitet – men att avgörandet ändå inte klarlägger rättsläget i den omfattning som såväl doktrin som internetanvändare förväntade. Detta bland annat på grund av att domstolen underlåter att undersöka de tekniska omständigheter vilka ligger till grund för länkning – där överföringen av materialet i fråga sker enkom mellan den användare som har följt länken och den webbsida vilken innehåller det länkade materialet – samt att rätten inte avgränsar rekvisitet om ny publik vad gäller såväl den för internetanvändningen orimliga tolkning som ur domstolens argumentation e contrario kan dras vilken innebär att länkar som hänvisar till material upplagt utan upphovsmannens samtycke automatiskt ska bedömas utgöra upphovsrättsligt intrång, som hur detta samtycke kan fastställas och vilka juridiska konsekvenser det får för en existerande länk om ett samtycke återkallas.

Sålunda kan konstateras, att trots att gemenskapsrättens högsta instans har meddelat viktiga ställningstaganden och grundsatser på området, är kampen mellan teknik och juridik ännu inte avgjord. (Less)
Abstract
For the last decades, the Internet has become a natural factor in the every day life of citizens of the West; through this channel of communication, social media and advertising, as well as business transactions and exercising of authority is carried out on a daily basis. The development of the Internet – and its many users – have given rise to new needs for legislation and standards; when technology, which is progressing and expanding more for each day that passes, confronts the law new conflicts incessantly arise, and the solution of those isn't always compatible with the demands for a flexible and granting regulation imposed by Internet users as well as legislators.

Not the least in the field of copyright, a number of issues have... (More)
For the last decades, the Internet has become a natural factor in the every day life of citizens of the West; through this channel of communication, social media and advertising, as well as business transactions and exercising of authority is carried out on a daily basis. The development of the Internet – and its many users – have given rise to new needs for legislation and standards; when technology, which is progressing and expanding more for each day that passes, confronts the law new conflicts incessantly arise, and the solution of those isn't always compatible with the demands for a flexible and granting regulation imposed by Internet users as well as legislators.

Not the least in the field of copyright, a number of issues have arisen due to the furious pace at which the Internet is developing. In this essay a one of these is dealt with, consisting in the linking to works protected by copyright. This procedure, which is a precondition for the functionality and use of the Internet, has resulted in both disagreements within the doctrine and decisions of varying outcome in Swedish and international courts. A struggle between the technology, and the freedom of information that this allows, and the law, which provides authors exclusive rights to exploit their works, is being fought and has now reached the highest court in the European Community, as the European Court of Justice has granted a case1 regarding linking on the Internet to trial.

This essay interprets the preliminary ruling in this case that the European Court of Justice communicated during the composition of this presentation, in order to try to establish whether links in general, and hypertext links in particular, are considered communications to the public as this concept is expressed in the copyright legislation. In order to provide a background to this analysis, an overview of both the technical processes by which Internet and links act, and the copyright regulations relevant for the trial of the case is given. Furthermore, a description of the cases regarding links that have preceded the ruling in the European Court of Justice is given, in order to establish the legal position that was in force before February 2014, when the Court announced its ruling.

In the analysis of the preliminary ruling that is in focus in this essay, it is stated that the European Court of Justice here makes a statement of principle regarding links when it establishes that links are a communication to the public in the copyright sense – regardless of whether any users in fact have utilized this reference to access the referred works or not. The court determines, however, that this communication only constitutes an infringement of the author's exclusive rights if an element of new public is satisfied. By this, the Court means that the potential users who, through the link, may be given access to a work must be a crowd that the author of the work in question did not reckoned with would be able to take part of the work when she gave her consent to the publication of the work on the web page to which the link refers.

In this matter, it is observed that by this ruling the European Court of Justice certainly consolidates proper statements – regarding the position and definition of linking in the copyright context as well as the establishment of the element of new public – but that the decision still does not clarify the legal situation to the extent that both the doctrine and Internet users expected and anticipated. This is partly because the court fails to examine the basic technical factors that is essential for the analysis of linking in the copyright perspective – where in particular the fact that the transfer of the work in question takes place solely between the users who have followed the link and the web page that contains the linked material – and partly because the court does not satisfyingly enough define the factor of new public. The latter refers to both the possible but unreasonable interpretation of this element that the ruling e contrario could be read as if the court means that links which refer to material that has been uploaded to the Internet without the author's consent automatically will constitute copyright infringement, and issues regarding how this consent can be determined and legal consequences affecting an existing link if the consent is withdrawn.

Thus it can be stated that although the highest court of the European Community through this ruling has announced important positions and principles in the field of copyright, the battle between technology and law is not yet settled. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Gustafsson, Malin LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
When technology encounters the law: Hypertextlinks in the copyright context
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Förmögenhetsrätt, Upphovsrätt, Immaterialrätt, Länkar, Retriever
language
Swedish
id
4449795
date added to LUP
2014-07-28 07:31:06
date last changed
2017-01-27 15:49:31
@misc{4449795,
  abstract     = {{For the last decades, the Internet has become a natural factor in the every day life of citizens of the West; through this channel of communication, social media and advertising, as well as business transactions and exercising of authority is carried out on a daily basis. The development of the Internet – and its many users – have given rise to new needs for legislation and standards; when technology, which is progressing and expanding more for each day that passes, confronts the law new conflicts incessantly arise, and the solution of those isn't always compatible with the demands for a flexible and granting regulation imposed by Internet users as well as legislators.

Not the least in the field of copyright, a number of issues have arisen due to the furious pace at which the Internet is developing. In this essay a one of these is dealt with, consisting in the linking to works protected by copyright. This procedure, which is a precondition for the functionality and use of the Internet, has resulted in both disagreements within the doctrine and decisions of varying outcome in Swedish and international courts. A struggle between the technology, and the freedom of information that this allows, and the law, which provides authors exclusive rights to exploit their works, is being fought and has now reached the highest court in the European Community, as the European Court of Justice has granted a case1 regarding linking on the Internet to trial.

This essay interprets the preliminary ruling in this case that the European Court of Justice communicated during the composition of this presentation, in order to try to establish whether links in general, and hypertext links in particular, are considered communications to the public as this concept is expressed in the copyright legislation. In order to provide a background to this analysis, an overview of both the technical processes by which Internet and links act, and the copyright regulations relevant for the trial of the case is given. Furthermore, a description of the cases regarding links that have preceded the ruling in the European Court of Justice is given, in order to establish the legal position that was in force before February 2014, when the Court announced its ruling.

In the analysis of the preliminary ruling that is in focus in this essay, it is stated that the European Court of Justice here makes a statement of principle regarding links when it establishes that links are a communication to the public in the copyright sense – regardless of whether any users in fact have utilized this reference to access the referred works or not. The court determines, however, that this communication only constitutes an infringement of the author's exclusive rights if an element of new public is satisfied. By this, the Court means that the potential users who, through the link, may be given access to a work must be a crowd that the author of the work in question did not reckoned with would be able to take part of the work when she gave her consent to the publication of the work on the web page to which the link refers.

In this matter, it is observed that by this ruling the European Court of Justice certainly consolidates proper statements – regarding the position and definition of linking in the copyright context as well as the establishment of the element of new public – but that the decision still does not clarify the legal situation to the extent that both the doctrine and Internet users expected and anticipated. This is partly because the court fails to examine the basic technical factors that is essential for the analysis of linking in the copyright perspective – where in particular the fact that the transfer of the work in question takes place solely between the users who have followed the link and the web page that contains the linked material – and partly because the court does not satisfyingly enough define the factor of new public. The latter refers to both the possible but unreasonable interpretation of this element that the ruling e contrario could be read as if the court means that links which refer to material that has been uploaded to the Internet without the author's consent automatically will constitute copyright infringement, and issues regarding how this consent can be determined and legal consequences affecting an existing link if the consent is withdrawn.

Thus it can be stated that although the highest court of the European Community through this ruling has announced important positions and principles in the field of copyright, the battle between technology and law is not yet settled.}},
  author       = {{Gustafsson, Malin}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Tekniken möter juridiken: Hypertextlänkar ur ett upphovsrättsligt perspektiv}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}