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The free movement of capital and the freedom of establishment - a study regarding their interrelationship in the field of direct taxes

Johnsson, Axel LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract
Since its inception, the EU has had a pivotal role in integrating the MS between each other and also has had an increasing influence on the national legislation of these states. Moreover, this process has naturally led to legal concerns on how to interpret the EU law and how to impose it to secure its integration for the future. Furthermore, in order to impede and hinder MS from protecting and benefiting its own nationals at the expense of other MS persons the EU has inserted four fundamental freedoms in its major treaties which the MS may not restrict.

Two of these freedoms are the free movement of capital and the freedom of establishment, which will hinder MS to impose restrictions to establishments and capital movements. Moreover,... (More)
Since its inception, the EU has had a pivotal role in integrating the MS between each other and also has had an increasing influence on the national legislation of these states. Moreover, this process has naturally led to legal concerns on how to interpret the EU law and how to impose it to secure its integration for the future. Furthermore, in order to impede and hinder MS from protecting and benefiting its own nationals at the expense of other MS persons the EU has inserted four fundamental freedoms in its major treaties which the MS may not restrict.

Two of these freedoms are the free movement of capital and the freedom of establishment, which will hinder MS to impose restrictions to establishments and capital movements. Moreover, the provisions of these two freedoms frequently overlap each other. Furthermore, because third parties may also litigate under the free movement of capital while the freedom of establishment may only be invoked by MS parties it is of decisive importance to examine how these freedoms interact and if there is a dividing line between these two freedoms.

Concerning direct taxes, this distinction has been of vital importance creating a heated debate on this subject and the reach of the free movement of capital. Moreover, the ECJ has implemented various different and rules for when and how to apply the two freedoms and how they interrelate. However, the case law from the ECJ in this field has historically been marked by vagueness, complicatedness and inconsistency. Moreover, this has provided uncertainty in which extent third parties may benefit from the inner market and under which circumstances only parties from within the EU may invoke the fundamental freedoms. Consequently, this inconsistency has also caused national courts in different MS to render decisions that directly contravene each other.

In the fall of 2012 the ECJ rendered a landmark decision in this field, the FII (II) judgment, which has further sparked debate, but also created what scholars observe to be a more easily interpreted and consistent case-law. However, there has been debate on the extent of the principles enshrined in this decision and the impact it will have on future case-law. Furthermore, some debaters have implies that the FII (II) judgment decision have extended the scope of the free movement of capital too far and now almost any third party can benefit from the inner market. On the other hand, the decision has also been welcomed by other scholars and some of them even argue that the scope of the free movement of capital should be extended further since that is what the TFEU states and that it would also benefit the European economy. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Sedan EU bildades har unionen haft en central roll för att integrera medlemsstaterna och har också som en effekt av detta haft ett ökande inflytande på medlemsstaternas nationella lagstiftning. Dessutom har denna utveckling lett till juridiska överväganden avseende hur EU:s författningar ska tolkas och verkställas och hur denna integration ska kunna säkerställas. Det finns fyra friheter i EU-fördragen som ska motverka att de enskilda medlemsstaterna förfördelar personer från andra EU-länder med syfte att skydda och gynna personer från den egna staten.

Två av dessa friheter är den fria rörligheten för kapital och etableringsfriheten, vilka motverkar att medlemsstaterna inför hinder för kapitalrörelser och etableringar. Eftersom personer... (More)
Sedan EU bildades har unionen haft en central roll för att integrera medlemsstaterna och har också som en effekt av detta haft ett ökande inflytande på medlemsstaternas nationella lagstiftning. Dessutom har denna utveckling lett till juridiska överväganden avseende hur EU:s författningar ska tolkas och verkställas och hur denna integration ska kunna säkerställas. Det finns fyra friheter i EU-fördragen som ska motverka att de enskilda medlemsstaterna förfördelar personer från andra EU-länder med syfte att skydda och gynna personer från den egna staten.

Två av dessa friheter är den fria rörligheten för kapital och etableringsfriheten, vilka motverkar att medlemsstaterna inför hinder för kapitalrörelser och etableringar. Eftersom personer från tredje land kan åberopa den fria rörligheten för kapital men inte etableringsfriheten är det av stor vikt att utreda hur dessa två friheter förhåller sig till varandra och hur gränsen mellan dem ska dras.

Vad gäller direkta skatter har denna gränsdragning varit av stor vikt i rättsutvecklingen och skapat en livlig debatt mellan såväl forskare som praktiker, främst vad gäller räckvidden av den fria rörligheten för kapital. Dessutom har EU-domstolen infört många regler och riktlinjer som ska underlätta tolkningen avseende när den fria rörligheten för kapital respektive etableringsfriheten kan åberopas och hur de två friheterna påverkar varandra. Denna praxis har dock genomsyrats av inkonsekvens, komplexitet och otydligheter. Detta har i sin tur lett till osäkerhet om i vilken grad tredje parter kan vara en del av den inre marknaden och när dessa parter inte kan väcka talan mot diskriminerande lagstiftning från medlemsstaterna. Denna osäkerhet har också lett till att olika nationella domstolar har tolkat den relevanta EU-rätten på fundamentalt olika sätt.

Hösten 2012 kom den avgörande FII (II)-domen från EU-domstolen, vilken ytterligare har eldat på den hätska debatten inom ämnet. Den har även skapat vad många praktiker anser vara en mer sammanhängande och lättförstådd praxis inom ämnet. Dessutom har det också i anslutning till denna dom förekommit en debatt om hur långt de principerna som kommer till uttryck i domen sträcker sig och vilket inflytande domen kommer att ha på framtida praxis. Utöver detta antyder vissa praktiker att FII (II)-domen enligt har ökat tillämpningsområdet för den fria rörligheten för kapital i den grad att nästan alla tredje parter nu kan ta del av den inre marknaden vad gäller direkt beskattning. Det finns emellertid forskare som välkomnar domen och dessutom hävdar att tillämpningsområdet för den fria rörligheten för kapital borde utökas ännu mer då det vore i enlighet med EU-fördragen och hade haft positiva effekter på europeisk ekonomi. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Johnsson, Axel LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Tax law, international tax law, European tax law, the free movement of capital, the freedom of establishment
language
English
id
4449948
date added to LUP
2014-06-12 08:45:25
date last changed
2014-06-12 08:45:25
@misc{4449948,
  abstract     = {{Since its inception, the EU has had a pivotal role in integrating the MS between each other and also has had an increasing influence on the national legislation of these states. Moreover, this process has naturally led to legal concerns on how to interpret the EU law and how to impose it to secure its integration for the future. Furthermore, in order to impede and hinder MS from protecting and benefiting its own nationals at the expense of other MS persons the EU has inserted four fundamental freedoms in its major treaties which the MS may not restrict.

Two of these freedoms are the free movement of capital and the freedom of establishment, which will hinder MS to impose restrictions to establishments and capital movements. Moreover, the provisions of these two freedoms frequently overlap each other. Furthermore, because third parties may also litigate under the free movement of capital while the freedom of establishment may only be invoked by MS parties it is of decisive importance to examine how these freedoms interact and if there is a dividing line between these two freedoms.

Concerning direct taxes, this distinction has been of vital importance creating a heated debate on this subject and the reach of the free movement of capital. Moreover, the ECJ has implemented various different and rules for when and how to apply the two freedoms and how they interrelate. However, the case law from the ECJ in this field has historically been marked by vagueness, complicatedness and inconsistency. Moreover, this has provided uncertainty in which extent third parties may benefit from the inner market and under which circumstances only parties from within the EU may invoke the fundamental freedoms. Consequently, this inconsistency has also caused national courts in different MS to render decisions that directly contravene each other.

In the fall of 2012 the ECJ rendered a landmark decision in this field, the FII (II) judgment, which has further sparked debate, but also created what scholars observe to be a more easily interpreted and consistent case-law. However, there has been debate on the extent of the principles enshrined in this decision and the impact it will have on future case-law. Furthermore, some debaters have implies that the FII (II) judgment decision have extended the scope of the free movement of capital too far and now almost any third party can benefit from the inner market. On the other hand, the decision has also been welcomed by other scholars and some of them even argue that the scope of the free movement of capital should be extended further since that is what the TFEU states and that it would also benefit the European economy.}},
  author       = {{Johnsson, Axel}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{The free movement of capital and the freedom of establishment - a study regarding their interrelationship in the field of direct taxes}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}