En särskilt utsatt situation – en rättsfallsstudie om det nya begreppet i våldtäktsparagrafen
(2014) JURM02 20141Department of Law
- Abstract (Swedish)
- Brottet våldtäkt är en företeelse i svensk straffrätt som engagerar många och det skapas ofta starka reaktioner när media rapporterar om friande våldtäktsdomar. Våldtäktsparagrafen har ändrats ett flertal gånger genom åren och den senaste lagändringen trädde i kraft den 1 juli 2013. Vi fick då ett nytt begrepp i svensk rätt när ”särskilt utsatt situation” ersatte den tidigare lydelsen ”hjälplöst tillstånd”.
Uppsatsen undersöker vad lagstiftaren hade för syfte med införandet av begreppet ”särskilt utsatt situation”. Fokus är riktat på hur domstolarna tolkat och tillämpat det nya begreppet och om rättstillämpningen ligger i linje med lagstiftarens syfte.
De två senaste lagändringarna som har genomförts av våldtäktsparagrafen har... (More) - Brottet våldtäkt är en företeelse i svensk straffrätt som engagerar många och det skapas ofta starka reaktioner när media rapporterar om friande våldtäktsdomar. Våldtäktsparagrafen har ändrats ett flertal gånger genom åren och den senaste lagändringen trädde i kraft den 1 juli 2013. Vi fick då ett nytt begrepp i svensk rätt när ”särskilt utsatt situation” ersatte den tidigare lydelsen ”hjälplöst tillstånd”.
Uppsatsen undersöker vad lagstiftaren hade för syfte med införandet av begreppet ”särskilt utsatt situation”. Fokus är riktat på hur domstolarna tolkat och tillämpat det nya begreppet och om rättstillämpningen ligger i linje med lagstiftarens syfte.
De två senaste lagändringarna som har genomförts av våldtäktsparagrafen har föregåtts av diskussioner i förarbetena kring ett införande av en samtyckesreglering i svensk rätt. Lagstiftaren kom dock, vid båda tillfällena, fram till att det inte skulle införas en samtyckesreglering. De uttalanden som Europadomstolen gjorde med anledning av den s.k. Bulgariendomen ändrade inte den ståndpunkten.
Regeringens syfte med att införa begreppet ”särskilt utsatt situation” var att utvidga tillämpningsområdet för våldtäktsparagrafen. Karaktäristiskt för det nya begreppet är att offret har en klart begränsad möjlighet att undvika det sexuella övergreppet och att freda sin sexuella integritet. Om offret varit alkoholberusad eller drogpåverkad kan offret befinna sig i en särskilt utsatt situation även om hon inte är så berusad att hon helt saknat förmåga att uppfatta övergreppet. Som exempel nämns en väldigt berusad person som på grund av sin berusning har klart begränsade möjligheter att värja sig mot ett övergrepp, men som ändå är så pass medveten att hon kan återge en någorlunda sammanhängande berättelse av händelsen eller delar av den. Vid bedömningen av om en person befunnit sig i en särskilt utsatt situation ska hänsyn tas till situationen i dess helhet och flera omständigheter kan vägas samman för att uppfylla rekvisitet.
Efter en genomgång av de fall som redovisas i rättsfallsstudien dras följande slutsatser. Domstolarna lämnar oftast inte några längre motiveringar i sina domslut om hur de resonerat kring huruvida målsäganden befunnit sig i en särskilt utsatt situation, utan det handlar mest om korta konstateranden. I huvudsak följer domstolarna lagmotiven vid tillämpningen av det nya begreppet, vilket till stor del kan ha att göra med att det oftast handlar om typexempel som anges i lagen, nämligen att offret sovit, varit alkoholberusad och/eller drogpåverkad. En brist vid rättstillämpningen är dock att domstolarna vid ett flertal tillfällen valt att värdera de olika omständigheterna som förelegat var för sig och således inte vägt samman dessa vid bedömningen av om offret befunnit sig i en särskilt utsatt situation. Endast ett fåtal fall har rört rekvisitet allvarlig rädsla och även om det är svårt att dra några generella slutsatser, verkar det vara svårt att nå upp till det krav som ställs i lagen. Oavsett hur domstolarna tolkar och tillämpar begreppet ”särskilt utsatt situation” och oavsett vilken typ av reglering vi väljer att ha i svensk rätt när det gäller våldtäktsparagrafen, kan det dock konstateras att det största problemet troligtvis är, och kanske alltid kommer förbli, den bevisproblematik som råder i dessa typer av mål. (Less) - Abstract
- The offence rape is a phenomenon in Swedish criminal law that engages many people and often creates vivid reactions when media reports about verdicts of acquittal in cases involving rape. The rape section has been changed at multiple times over the years. The last change entered into force July 1, 2013 when the new concept ”particularly vulnerable situation” (”särskilt utsatt situation”) replaced the previous wording ”helpless state” (”hjälplöst tillstånd”).
This paper examines the legislature´s purpose of introducing the concept ”particularly vulnerable situation”. The focal point is how the courts have interpreted and applied the new concept and whether the law enforcement is in line with the legislature´s purpose.
The two most... (More) - The offence rape is a phenomenon in Swedish criminal law that engages many people and often creates vivid reactions when media reports about verdicts of acquittal in cases involving rape. The rape section has been changed at multiple times over the years. The last change entered into force July 1, 2013 when the new concept ”particularly vulnerable situation” (”särskilt utsatt situation”) replaced the previous wording ”helpless state” (”hjälplöst tillstånd”).
This paper examines the legislature´s purpose of introducing the concept ”particularly vulnerable situation”. The focal point is how the courts have interpreted and applied the new concept and whether the law enforcement is in line with the legislature´s purpose.
The two most recent legislative changes that have been implemented in the rape section have been preceded by discussions in the legislative preparatory work about the introduction of a rape law based on consent. The legislature did, however, on both occasions come to the conclusion that a rape law based on consent would not be introduced. The declarations made by the European Court of Human Rights on the occasion of the so-called ”Bulgaria judgment” (Bulgariendomen) did not change this position.
The government´s purpose in introducing the concept ”particularly vulnerable situation” was to extend the scope of the rape section. One characteristic of the new concept is that the victim has a distinctly limited ability to prevent the sexual abuse and to protect her sexual integrity. If the victim was under the influence of alcohol or drugs, the victim may have been in a particularly vulnerable situation, although she was not so intoxicated that she completely lacked the ability to perceive the abuse. One example mentioned is a very intoxicated person who has clearly limited ability to defend herself against an assault because of her intoxication, but still is so aware that she can tell a reasonably coherent story of the event or parts of it. In determining whether a person was in a particularly vulnerable situation, one should take into account the situation in its entirety and several factors may be aggregated to meet the prerequisite.
After a review of the cases reported in my legal case study I draw the following conclusions. The courts usually leave no longer justifications in their judgments about how they have argued whether the victim was in a particularly vulnerable situation or not, it´s mostly about short findings. Essentially the courts follow the government´s purpose when they apply the new concept, which can mainly be due to that it usually involves typical example set by the law, namely that the victim slept or was intoxicated by alcohol and/or drugs. A deficiency in the application of the law is that the courts, on several occasions, chosen to value the different circumstances that existed separately and thus not considering them altogether in determining whether the victim was in a particularly vulnerable situation or not. Only a few cases have concerned the factor ”serious fear” (”allvarlig rädsla”) and although it is difficult to draw any general conclusions, it seems difficult to reach the requirements of the law. Regardless of how the courts interpret and apply the concept of ”particularly vulnerable situation” and no matter what kind of framing of the law we choose to have regarding the rape section, it can be stated that the main problem probably is, and perhaps always will be, the evidence problems that prevails in these types of cases. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/4450761
- author
- Lundquist, Emelie LU
- supervisor
- organization
- alternative title
- A particularly vulnerable situation – a legal case study about the new concept in the rape section
- course
- JURM02 20141
- year
- 2014
- type
- H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
- subject
- keywords
- straffrätt, våldtäkt, särskilt utsatt situation, rättsfallsstudie
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 4450761
- date added to LUP
- 2014-06-12 08:55:55
- date last changed
- 2014-06-12 08:55:55
@misc{4450761, abstract = {{The offence rape is a phenomenon in Swedish criminal law that engages many people and often creates vivid reactions when media reports about verdicts of acquittal in cases involving rape. The rape section has been changed at multiple times over the years. The last change entered into force July 1, 2013 when the new concept ”particularly vulnerable situation” (”särskilt utsatt situation”) replaced the previous wording ”helpless state” (”hjälplöst tillstånd”). This paper examines the legislature´s purpose of introducing the concept ”particularly vulnerable situation”. The focal point is how the courts have interpreted and applied the new concept and whether the law enforcement is in line with the legislature´s purpose. The two most recent legislative changes that have been implemented in the rape section have been preceded by discussions in the legislative preparatory work about the introduction of a rape law based on consent. The legislature did, however, on both occasions come to the conclusion that a rape law based on consent would not be introduced. The declarations made by the European Court of Human Rights on the occasion of the so-called ”Bulgaria judgment” (Bulgariendomen) did not change this position. The government´s purpose in introducing the concept ”particularly vulnerable situation” was to extend the scope of the rape section. One characteristic of the new concept is that the victim has a distinctly limited ability to prevent the sexual abuse and to protect her sexual integrity. If the victim was under the influence of alcohol or drugs, the victim may have been in a particularly vulnerable situation, although she was not so intoxicated that she completely lacked the ability to perceive the abuse. One example mentioned is a very intoxicated person who has clearly limited ability to defend herself against an assault because of her intoxication, but still is so aware that she can tell a reasonably coherent story of the event or parts of it. In determining whether a person was in a particularly vulnerable situation, one should take into account the situation in its entirety and several factors may be aggregated to meet the prerequisite. After a review of the cases reported in my legal case study I draw the following conclusions. The courts usually leave no longer justifications in their judgments about how they have argued whether the victim was in a particularly vulnerable situation or not, it´s mostly about short findings. Essentially the courts follow the government´s purpose when they apply the new concept, which can mainly be due to that it usually involves typical example set by the law, namely that the victim slept or was intoxicated by alcohol and/or drugs. A deficiency in the application of the law is that the courts, on several occasions, chosen to value the different circumstances that existed separately and thus not considering them altogether in determining whether the victim was in a particularly vulnerable situation or not. Only a few cases have concerned the factor ”serious fear” (”allvarlig rädsla”) and although it is difficult to draw any general conclusions, it seems difficult to reach the requirements of the law. Regardless of how the courts interpret and apply the concept of ”particularly vulnerable situation” and no matter what kind of framing of the law we choose to have regarding the rape section, it can be stated that the main problem probably is, and perhaps always will be, the evidence problems that prevails in these types of cases.}}, author = {{Lundquist, Emelie}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{En särskilt utsatt situation – en rättsfallsstudie om det nya begreppet i våldtäktsparagrafen}}, year = {{2014}}, }