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Hyresrätt - ett lovligt byte. Om byten från hyresrätt till ägt boende

Aliefendic, Riad LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Bytesrätten har utvecklats i samklang med den svenska bostadspolitiken. Under tidigt 1900-tal fanns det en stark liberal inställning till relationen mellan hyresgäster och hyresvärdar. I 1907 års nyttjanderättslag (1907:36), NyttjL, gällde grundläggande avtalsrättsliga principer. Hyresgäster fick enbart säga upp kontrakt om hyresvärden nekade dem överlåtelse av kontraktet utan skälig anledning. I städerna kunde dessutom hyresavtal vara bindande i 25 år. Under de båda världskrigen blev bostadsbristen ett större samhällsproblem. Det ledde till att den statliga kontrollen ökade. Hyresregleringar infördes åren 1917 och 1942. Den senaste hyresregleringen försvann inte helt förrän år 1978. Under andra världskriget infördes även en priskontroll... (More)
Bytesrätten har utvecklats i samklang med den svenska bostadspolitiken. Under tidigt 1900-tal fanns det en stark liberal inställning till relationen mellan hyresgäster och hyresvärdar. I 1907 års nyttjanderättslag (1907:36), NyttjL, gällde grundläggande avtalsrättsliga principer. Hyresgäster fick enbart säga upp kontrakt om hyresvärden nekade dem överlåtelse av kontraktet utan skälig anledning. I städerna kunde dessutom hyresavtal vara bindande i 25 år. Under de båda världskrigen blev bostadsbristen ett större samhällsproblem. Det ledde till att den statliga kontrollen ökade. Hyresregleringar infördes åren 1917 och 1942. Den senaste hyresregleringen försvann inte helt förrän år 1978. Under andra världskriget infördes även en priskontroll på bostadsrätter för att lagstiftningen inte skulle kunna kringgås. Bostadsköerna växte och det offentliga började agerade både som bostadsförmedlare och fastighetsägare. I takt med att den fria avtalsrätten fasades ut på bostadsmarknaden ökade också trycket på lagstiftaren att införa en rätt för hyresgäster att byta kontrakt.

I slutet av 60-talet infördes således en rätt för hyresgäster att göra byten med andra hyresgäst- och bostadsrättsinnehavare. Kort därefter infördes även en rätt att byta med fastighetsägare. Samtidigt avvecklades priskontrollen på bostadsrätter. Risken för att hyresgäster skulle använda sin hyresrätt som betalning vid byte till ägt boende ökade. Parallellt med bytesrätten i 35 § hyreslagen, HL, infördes ett förbud mot att ta betalt för sin hyresrätt vid byte i 65 § HL. 1973 blev det straffrättsligt sanktionerat i 65 § HL att ta emot otillåten ersättning vid byte. I praxis och enligt förarbeten skulle inte tillstånd ges för ett byte enligt 35 § HL om otillåten ersättning hade förekommit. 1984 skrevs denna princip in i lag genom rekvisitet andra särskilda skäl som talar emot ett byte.

35 och 65 §§ HL hänger tätt samman och berör samma rättsområde inom hyresrätten. Bland annat av den anledningen har det förts fram idéer av Kjell Adolfsson och Sten Hillert om att rekvisiten i 65 § HL måste vara uppfyllda för att hyresnämnderna skulle kunna neka ett byte enligt 35 § HL. De fann stöd för detta främst genom att det i förarbetena har diskuterats kring svarta pengar och otillåten ersättning vid både 35 och 65 §§ HL. Enligt dem måste hyresgästen uppsåtligen ha begärt en ersättning för hyresrätten vid ett byte till ägt boende för att nämnderna skulle kunna neka ett tillstånd. Min bedömning är att denna koppling är för långtgående. Visserligen berör båda paragraferna otillåten ersättning men i 35 § HL prövas enbart tillståndsprövningen och i 65 § HL rör det sig om straff- och civilrättsliga sanktioner. Varken i förarbetena eller i praxis finns det ett uttalat krav på att en sådan analogi ska göras av hyresnämnderna.

Under 2000-talet har praxis för byten skärpts. Utifrån granskningen i uppsatsen har hyresnämnderna i både Göteborg och Stockholm på ett enhetligt sätt gjort det svårare att genomföra ett byte till marknader i balans. Det har skett genom att hyresnämnderna har bedömt att rekvisitet beaktansvärda skäl i 35 § HL inte är uppfyllt om marknaden dit hyresgästen vill flytta är i balans. Det har inte spelat någon roll om hyresgästen haft ett uppriktigt behov av en större bostad eller fått ett jobb nära bytesobjektet. Då marknaderna för ägt boende i storstäderna ofta är marknader i balans har flera sådana bytesansökningar inte ansetts vara nödvändiga för att hyresgästen skulle kunna flytta.

Hyresgäster kan dock få flytta till en bostadsmarknad i balans enligt en undantagsregel. Det kräver att hyresgästen har särskilt starka skäl för ett byte. Det kan röra sig om en funktionsnedsättning eller att den specifika bostaden är unik och svår att få tag på. Praxis har också utvecklat, tydligast i Stockholm, flera beaktansvärda skäl enligt undantagsregeln då tillståndsansökan gällt byte till ägt boende. Exempel på det är när familjekoppling med byteskontrahenten gör bytet beaktansvärt.

Denna undantagsregel är inte helt förutsägbar utifrån förarbetena och misstanke om otillåten ersättning har förekommit i flera ärenden där hyresgästen fått tillstånd. Av den anledningen skulle en översyn av undantagsregeln behöva göras där ett visst underpris för hyresrätten skulle kunna tillåtas när hyresgästen har särskilt starka beaktansvärda skäl. I övrigt är rekvisitet beaktansvärda skäl betydelsefullt och bör finnas kvar enligt min mening. Det ger hyresvärdarna en trygghet i att bytesrätten inte används godtyckligt och det ger även bostadsköande en visshet om att köplatsen fortfarande har en betydelse.

Även om praxis på området har blivit mer enhetlig mellan hyresnämnderna skulle en överklaganderätt kunna garantera att det fortsätter finnas en enhetlighet. För att tillståndsprövningarna inte ska dra ut på tiden skulle en överklaganderätt med ventil vara en gångbar lösning. Det innebär att hyresnämnderna får bedöma när ett ärende anses vara av särskild betydelse för rättsutvecklingen och då ge parterna en möjlighet att överklaga.

Då andra särskilda skäl prövas borde bevisbördan även fortsättningsvis ligga på hyresvärden. Den som hävdar att otillåten ersättning förekommit ska också bevisa det. Vid prövning av andra särskilda skäl i ärenden där hyresgästen har beaktansvärda skäl enligt huvudregeln skulle nämnderna kunna använda sig av domstolssakkunniga. Detta kan underlätta nämndernas arbete för att framför allt avgöra marknadsvärdet om bytesobjektet är ett ägt boende. I en situation där parterna har gjort tillförlitliga marknadsundersökningar men undersökningarna skiljer sig markant kan domstolssakkunniga vara ett gott stöd åt nämnderna. I fall där hyresgästen har beaktansvärda skäl enligt undantagsregeln skulle lagen kunna förändras genom att en avvägning görs mellan rekvisiten beaktansvärda skäl och andra särskilda skäl. Istället för att rekvisiten prövas självständigt kan det särskilt beaktansvärda skälet konsumera till exempel ett underpris på ägt boende som på grund av det beaktansvärda skälet bedöms vara oproblematiskt. (Less)
Abstract
The right to barter a rented apartment has developed in harmony with the Swedish housing policy. During the early twentieth century a strong liberal doctrine dominated the relationship between tenants and landlords. The usufruct law (nyttjanderättslagen) from 1907, was based on contractual principles. Contracts could be for as long as 25 years in the towns and tenants were only allowed to terminate the contract early if the landlord refused the tenant to barter the rental apartment without a reasonable cause. During the both world wars the housing shortage became a big social problem. The State control increased and rental regulations were established in the years of 1917 and 1942. The last rental regulation was abolished only in 1978.... (More)
The right to barter a rented apartment has developed in harmony with the Swedish housing policy. During the early twentieth century a strong liberal doctrine dominated the relationship between tenants and landlords. The usufruct law (nyttjanderättslagen) from 1907, was based on contractual principles. Contracts could be for as long as 25 years in the towns and tenants were only allowed to terminate the contract early if the landlord refused the tenant to barter the rental apartment without a reasonable cause. During the both world wars the housing shortage became a big social problem. The State control increased and rental regulations were established in the years of 1917 and 1942. The last rental regulation was abolished only in 1978. During the Second World War a price control also was established for co-operative apartments so that the legislation could not be evaded. The housing queues increased and the municipalities started accommodation agencies and public housing companies. The contractual principles became less important and the pressure on the legislative authority to institute a right to barter rented apartments increased.

In the end of the sixties finally a right to barter rented apartments was implemented. The tenants had a right to barter apartments with other tenants and tenants in co-operative apartments. A few years later the right to barter rented apartments was extended to the ownership sector as well. At the same time the price control on co-operative apartments was abolished. The risk that tenants would use their apartments as payment when they bartered to owned residences increased. At the same time as the right to barter rental apartments was passed in 35 § of the tenancy law (hyreslagen), a ban against payment for rental apartments when bartering was enacted in 65 § of the tenancy law. In the year of 1973 breaking the 65 § of the tenancy law, became a criminal offence. In case law a permit to barter would not be given if the tenant had received economic compensation. In 1984 this principle was implemented in 35 § of the tenancy law, through the necessary prerequisite other particular reason (andra särskilda skäl) against barter.

35 och 65 §§ tenancy law concerns the same principal problem. Therefore Kjell Adolfsson and Sten Hillert argued that the prerequisites in 65 § of the tenancy law had to be fulfilled before the rent tribunals could deny a barter according to 35 § of the tenancy law. Adolfsson and Hillert based their argument on preparatory works. In the preparatory works for 35 and 65 §§ of the tenancy law there were discussions about illegal economic compensation. According to Adolfsson and Hillert the tenant had to intentionally demand economic compensation before a tribunal could deny a permission to barter. My assessment is that this interpretation is wrong. Both paragraphs concerns indeed undue economic compensation but 35 § of the tenancy law only adjudicates permission matters. 65 § of the tenancy law adjudicates criminal and civil sanctions. Neither in preparatory works nor in case law is there any support for such an interpretation.

During the twenty-first century the case law for barters has been stricter. An inference from the review is that the rent tribunals, both in Stockholm and Gothenburg, have made it harder to barter rented apartments to markets in balance. The reason is that the tribunals have judged that the necessary prerequisite notable reason (beaktansvärda skäl), is missing if the market a tenant wants to move to is in balance. It doesn’t matter if the tenant had a real need of a bigger dwelling or had gotten a job near the new dwelling. The markets for owned residences in the main cities is often in balance. The consequence has been that several barters to owned residences have not been permitted.

Tenants can be permitted to move to a market in balance according to an exceptional rule for the prerequisite notable reason. It demands special circumstances. Preparatory works suggested that if the tenant had a disability or the specific dwelling were unique the circumstances could be fulfilled. Case law have also formed, most vividly in Stockholm, a couple of special circumstances according to the exceptional rule. This has been tried in matters when the tenant wanted to barter to an owned residence. An example of a special circumstance is if the tenant have a family connection with the barter partner.

The exceptional rule is not totally foreseeable if you look at the preparatory works. Suspicion of economic compensation have been current in several matters where the tenant got a permission. Because of that a study of the exceptional rule could be necessary. According to me some rebate on the property price could be allowed when the tenant has a very strong notable reason. However the prerequisite should not be abolished completely. It gives the landlord a security of that the tenant does not abuse the right to barter the rental apartment. It also gives the citizens who are searching for dwellings a certainty of that their queuing are not insignificant. Evan if case law has been more harmonised between the tribunals a right to appeal could guarantee that the harmonising process continues. The judicial proceeding could still be short and efficient if the right to appeal becomes an exception rule. The rent tribunals should decide when a case has special significance.

When a tribunal tries the necessary prerequisite other particular reason the burden of proof should lay at the landlord. The person who claims something should also proof it. When the tenant has a notable reason according to the general rule the tribunal could use an adviser. An adviser has the opportunity to estimate the market value of the residence that the tenant wants to buy. In a situation where the parties have done a reliable market research an adviser could be a good support for the tribunals. In matters where the tenant has strong notable reasons according to the exceptional rule the law could be changed. The tribunal could make a judgment through a balance between the prerequisites. Instead of trying the prerequisites independent a strong notable reason could consume the prerequisite other particular reason. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Aliefendic, Riad LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
About barter between rented apartments and housing with ownership
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
boenderätt, hyresrätt, fastighetsrätt
language
Swedish
id
4451124
date added to LUP
2014-06-12 08:32:08
date last changed
2014-06-12 08:32:08
@misc{4451124,
  abstract     = {{The right to barter a rented apartment has developed in harmony with the Swedish housing policy. During the early twentieth century a strong liberal doctrine dominated the relationship between tenants and landlords. The usufruct law (nyttjanderättslagen) from 1907, was based on contractual principles. Contracts could be for as long as 25 years in the towns and tenants were only allowed to terminate the contract early if the landlord refused the tenant to barter the rental apartment without a reasonable cause. During the both world wars the housing shortage became a big social problem. The State control increased and rental regulations were established in the years of 1917 and 1942. The last rental regulation was abolished only in 1978. During the Second World War a price control also was established for co-operative apartments so that the legislation could not be evaded. The housing queues increased and the municipalities started accommodation agencies and public housing companies. The contractual principles became less important and the pressure on the legislative authority to institute a right to barter rented apartments increased. 

In the end of the sixties finally a right to barter rented apartments was implemented. The tenants had a right to barter apartments with other tenants and tenants in co-operative apartments. A few years later the right to barter rented apartments was extended to the ownership sector as well. At the same time the price control on co-operative apartments was abolished. The risk that tenants would use their apartments as payment when they bartered to owned residences increased. At the same time as the right to barter rental apartments was passed in 35 § of the tenancy law (hyreslagen), a ban against payment for rental apartments when bartering was enacted in 65 § of the tenancy law. In the year of 1973 breaking the 65 § of the tenancy law, became a criminal offence. In case law a permit to barter would not be given if the tenant had received economic compensation. In 1984 this principle was implemented in 35 § of the tenancy law, through the necessary prerequisite other particular reason (andra särskilda skäl) against barter. 

35 och 65 §§ tenancy law concerns the same principal problem. Therefore Kjell Adolfsson and Sten Hillert argued that the prerequisites in 65 § of the tenancy law had to be fulfilled before the rent tribunals could deny a barter according to 35 § of the tenancy law. Adolfsson and Hillert based their argument on preparatory works. In the preparatory works for 35 and 65 §§ of the tenancy law there were discussions about illegal economic compensation. According to Adolfsson and Hillert the tenant had to intentionally demand economic compensation before a tribunal could deny a permission to barter. My assessment is that this interpretation is wrong. Both paragraphs concerns indeed undue economic compensation but 35 § of the tenancy law only adjudicates permission matters. 65 § of the tenancy law adjudicates criminal and civil sanctions. Neither in preparatory works nor in case law is there any support for such an interpretation. 

During the twenty-first century the case law for barters has been stricter. An inference from the review is that the rent tribunals, both in Stockholm and Gothenburg, have made it harder to barter rented apartments to markets in balance. The reason is that the tribunals have judged that the necessary prerequisite notable reason (beaktansvärda skäl), is missing if the market a tenant wants to move to is in balance. It doesn’t matter if the tenant had a real need of a bigger dwelling or had gotten a job near the new dwelling. The markets for owned residences in the main cities is often in balance. The consequence has been that several barters to owned residences have not been permitted. 

Tenants can be permitted to move to a market in balance according to an exceptional rule for the prerequisite notable reason. It demands special circumstances. Preparatory works suggested that if the tenant had a disability or the specific dwelling were unique the circumstances could be fulfilled. Case law have also formed, most vividly in Stockholm, a couple of special circumstances according to the exceptional rule. This has been tried in matters when the tenant wanted to barter to an owned residence. An example of a special circumstance is if the tenant have a family connection with the barter partner. 

The exceptional rule is not totally foreseeable if you look at the preparatory works. Suspicion of economic compensation have been current in several matters where the tenant got a permission. Because of that a study of the exceptional rule could be necessary. According to me some rebate on the property price could be allowed when the tenant has a very strong notable reason. However the prerequisite should not be abolished completely. It gives the landlord a security of that the tenant does not abuse the right to barter the rental apartment. It also gives the citizens who are searching for dwellings a certainty of that their queuing are not insignificant. Evan if case law has been more harmonised between the tribunals a right to appeal could guarantee that the harmonising process continues. The judicial proceeding could still be short and efficient if the right to appeal becomes an exception rule. The rent tribunals should decide when a case has special significance. 

When a tribunal tries the necessary prerequisite other particular reason the burden of proof should lay at the landlord. The person who claims something should also proof it. When the tenant has a notable reason according to the general rule the tribunal could use an adviser. An adviser has the opportunity to estimate the market value of the residence that the tenant wants to buy. In a situation where the parties have done a reliable market research an adviser could be a good support for the tribunals. In matters where the tenant has strong notable reasons according to the exceptional rule the law could be changed. The tribunal could make a judgment through a balance between the prerequisites. Instead of trying the prerequisites independent a strong notable reason could consume the prerequisite other particular reason.}},
  author       = {{Aliefendic, Riad}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Hyresrätt - ett lovligt byte. Om byten från hyresrätt till ägt boende}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}