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Surrogatmodern, barnet och det rättsliga föräldraskapet - när rättsliga och sociala familjeband inte överensstämmer

Olsson, Elin LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Surrogatmoderskap är inte tillåtet enligt svensk rätt. Det saknas ett uttryckligt förbud men andra regleringar utesluter surrogatarrangemang genom sina bestämmelser. Detta kan vara problematiskt eftersom svenska medborgare som anlitar surrogatmödrar utomlands inte anses vara rättsliga föräldrar till barnet när det föds. Syftet med denna framställning har varit att undersöka hur det rättsliga föräldraskapet i Sverige fastställs, och vilka konsekvenser det får för barn födda genom surrogatmoderskap. Det har främst avsett barnens rättsliga möjlighet att få ett svenskt medborgarskap, att folkbokföras i Sverige och deras föräldrars möjlighet att få vårdnaden om dem. Framställningen har även syftat till att presentera alternativa... (More)
Surrogatmoderskap är inte tillåtet enligt svensk rätt. Det saknas ett uttryckligt förbud men andra regleringar utesluter surrogatarrangemang genom sina bestämmelser. Detta kan vara problematiskt eftersom svenska medborgare som anlitar surrogatmödrar utomlands inte anses vara rättsliga föräldrar till barnet när det föds. Syftet med denna framställning har varit att undersöka hur det rättsliga föräldraskapet i Sverige fastställs, och vilka konsekvenser det får för barn födda genom surrogatmoderskap. Det har främst avsett barnens rättsliga möjlighet att få ett svenskt medborgarskap, att folkbokföras i Sverige och deras föräldrars möjlighet att få vårdnaden om dem. Framställningen har även syftat till att presentera alternativa lösningsmodeller för det rättsliga föräldraskapet vid surrogatarrangemang, genom att jämföra med olika system som används i andra rättsordningar.

Moderskapspresumtionen i svensk rätt innebär att den kvinna som föder barnet anses vara barnets rättsliga mor, och barnets vårdnadshavare. Om kvinnan är gift vid barnets födelse anses hennes make vara barnets far. Svenska myndigheter anser därmed att surrogatmodern är barnets mor, och att hennes make är barnets far. Det är möjligt för den sociala fadern att få sitt faderskap fastställt om han är barnets genetiska far. Om den sociala pappan blir fastställd som rättslig fader kan han och surrogatmodern avtala om att han skall ha ensam vårdnad om barnet. Därefter kan hans maka, barnets sociala mor, adoptera barnet med hans godkännande. Det är det enda sättet för henne att bli barnets rättsliga mor eftersom moderskapspresumtionen, till skillnad från faderskapspresumtionen, inte går att motbevisa.

Det rättsliga föräldraskapet påverkar barnets möjlighet att bli svensk medborgare. Ett barn fött utomlands får ett svenskt medborgarskap om pappan är svensk och ansöker om ett medborgarskap för barnet, men det krävs att han är barnets förälder enligt svensk rätt. Det borde därför föreligga en risk för att barnet blir statslöst, men mycket pekar på att Migrationsverket beviljar barnet svenskt medborgarskap i strid med reglerna.

En undersökning av rättsfall har gett vid handen att den sociala pappan inte kan folkbokföras som barnets far förrän det rättsliga föräldraskapet har fastställts i dom, och att barnet inte kan få barnbidrag förrän det har en vårdnadshavare. Jag menar också att det framkommer att adoption inte är det bästa sättet för att etablera ett rättsligt förhållande mellan barnet och den sociala modern. Undersökningen av andra rättsordningar visade på att det finns olika möjliga modeller som kan delas upp två huvudkategorier vari skillnaden är när det rättsliga föräldraskapet överförs: före eller efter barnets födelse. Sverige står nära den brittiska modellen, som egentligen endast är en adoptionsansökan som ges företräde för att processas snabbare.

Mina slutsatser är också att det är den brittiska modellen som vi bör emulera, om vi i Sverige vill tillåta surrogatmoderskap i framtiden. Om vi även fortsättningsvis vill att surrogatmoderskap ska vara förbjudet anser jag att problemen med det rättsliga föräldraskapet ska åtgärdas genom ett undantag som specifikt relaterar till surrogatmoderskap. Det är även önskvärt att den sociala modern får en möjlighet att häva moderskapspresumtionen, samt att de sociala föräldrar som inte är genetiskt besläktade med barnet också har en möjlighet att få sitt föräldraskap fastställt. Den nuvarande regleringen utesluter detta. (Less)
Abstract
There is no explicit prohibition against surrogacy in Swedish law, but other regulations preclude surrogate arrangements. Considering the fact that Swedish citizens still use surrogacy abroad as a means to have a child, this can become problematic. Upon returning home with their child they experience difficulties, particularly pertaining to being recognized as the legal parents. The purpose of this paper has been to examine how the legal parenthood is determined in Swedish law, and what consequences these regulations have for children born through surrogacy. I have focused particularly on what this means for the children’s possibilities of obtaining a Swedish citizenship, being registered in the Swedish population register (as this is a... (More)
There is no explicit prohibition against surrogacy in Swedish law, but other regulations preclude surrogate arrangements. Considering the fact that Swedish citizens still use surrogacy abroad as a means to have a child, this can become problematic. Upon returning home with their child they experience difficulties, particularly pertaining to being recognized as the legal parents. The purpose of this paper has been to examine how the legal parenthood is determined in Swedish law, and what consequences these regulations have for children born through surrogacy. I have focused particularly on what this means for the children’s possibilities of obtaining a Swedish citizenship, being registered in the Swedish population register (as this is a prerequisite for many social benefits), and their parents’ chances of gaining legal custody of them. The paper has also aimed to suggest alternative ways to establish legal parenthood through comparing the Swedish system with those of other jurisdictions.

The Roman law principle mater semper certa est means that the woman who gives birth to the child is considered to be the child’s legal mother. The woman’s husband is considered to be the child’s father, and in the case of surrogacy that means the surrogate mother and her husband are registered as the child’s parents in Sweden. It’s possible for the social father to have his paternity established if he’s the child’s genetic father, in which case he and the surrogate mother can settle between them that he’s to have sole custody of the child. Subsequently, his wife, the child’s social mother, can adopt the child with his approval. It’s the only way for her to replace the surrogacy mother and become the legal mother.

Establishing the legal parenthood is important, as it has far-reaching consequences: it’s necessary in order for the child to have a Swedish citizenship. Children born abroad through surrogacy should run a high risk of becoming a stateless person, but there are strong indications that the migration office is granting the children Swedish citizenship in violation of the rules. An examination of the case law revealed that the social father can’t be registered as the child’s legal father until the legal fatherhood has been established by the court, and that the child can’t receive child support until someone in Sweden has legal custody of it. Based on case law I also drew the conclusion that adoption is not the best way for the social mother to gain legal parenthood, and I’m of the opinion that her legal inability to refute the motherhood presumption should be rectified.

The comparison with other jurisdictions showed that the systems for establishing legal parenthood in regards to surrogacy can be divided into two groups: the ones where legal parenthood is transferred before the birth of the child, and the ones where it’s transferred after the fact. The British model appears to be fairly close to the Swedish system in some ways, given that it allows the social parents to transfer legal parenthood after the birth and functions like fast-track adoption. The conclusions I have drawn are that Sweden could look to the UK, should we wish to allow national surrogacy in the future. If, however, we would like to maintain the status quo, the problems relating to the legal parenthood will need to be addressed. I believe it would be best to do so through a legal exception relating specifically to surrogacy. There should also be an opportunity for the social parents who aren’t genetically related to their child to have their parenthood established, which is precluded by the current regulation. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Olsson, Elin LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The surrogate mother, the child and legal parenthood - when the legal and social family ties don't align
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
familjerätt, surrogatmoderskap, rättsligt föräldraskap, vårdnad, folkbokföring, adoption, moderskapspresumtion
language
Swedish
id
4451150
date added to LUP
2014-06-12 08:58:00
date last changed
2014-06-12 08:58:00
@misc{4451150,
  abstract     = {{There is no explicit prohibition against surrogacy in Swedish law, but other regulations preclude surrogate arrangements. Considering the fact that Swedish citizens still use surrogacy abroad as a means to have a child, this can become problematic. Upon returning home with their child they experience difficulties, particularly pertaining to being recognized as the legal parents. The purpose of this paper has been to examine how the legal parenthood is determined in Swedish law, and what consequences these regulations have for children born through surrogacy. I have focused particularly on what this means for the children’s possibilities of obtaining a Swedish citizenship, being registered in the Swedish population register (as this is a prerequisite for many social benefits), and their parents’ chances of gaining legal custody of them. The paper has also aimed to suggest alternative ways to establish legal parenthood through comparing the Swedish system with those of other jurisdictions.

The Roman law principle mater semper certa est means that the woman who gives birth to the child is considered to be the child’s legal mother. The woman’s husband is considered to be the child’s father, and in the case of surrogacy that means the surrogate mother and her husband are registered as the child’s parents in Sweden. It’s possible for the social father to have his paternity established if he’s the child’s genetic father, in which case he and the surrogate mother can settle between them that he’s to have sole custody of the child. Subsequently, his wife, the child’s social mother, can adopt the child with his approval. It’s the only way for her to replace the surrogacy mother and become the legal mother.

Establishing the legal parenthood is important, as it has far-reaching consequences: it’s necessary in order for the child to have a Swedish citizenship. Children born abroad through surrogacy should run a high risk of becoming a stateless person, but there are strong indications that the migration office is granting the children Swedish citizenship in violation of the rules. An examination of the case law revealed that the social father can’t be registered as the child’s legal father until the legal fatherhood has been established by the court, and that the child can’t receive child support until someone in Sweden has legal custody of it. Based on case law I also drew the conclusion that adoption is not the best way for the social mother to gain legal parenthood, and I’m of the opinion that her legal inability to refute the motherhood presumption should be rectified.

The comparison with other jurisdictions showed that the systems for establishing legal parenthood in regards to surrogacy can be divided into two groups: the ones where legal parenthood is transferred before the birth of the child, and the ones where it’s transferred after the fact. The British model appears to be fairly close to the Swedish system in some ways, given that it allows the social parents to transfer legal parenthood after the birth and functions like fast-track adoption. The conclusions I have drawn are that Sweden could look to the UK, should we wish to allow national surrogacy in the future. If, however, we would like to maintain the status quo, the problems relating to the legal parenthood will need to be addressed. I believe it would be best to do so through a legal exception relating specifically to surrogacy. There should also be an opportunity for the social parents who aren’t genetically related to their child to have their parenthood established, which is precluded by the current regulation.}},
  author       = {{Olsson, Elin}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Surrogatmodern, barnet och det rättsliga föräldraskapet - när rättsliga och sociala familjeband inte överensstämmer}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}