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Green public procurement as a policy instrument - Study from a law and economics perspective on the efficiency of using green public procurement to achieve sustainable development in the EU

Eriksson, Emelie LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Under 2013 utgjorde värdet av medlemsstaternas offentliga upphandling ungefär 18 procent av deras BNP, vilket gör det till ett kraftfullt verktyg att använda för att främja vissa samhällsmål.
Traditionellt sett så har offentlig upphandling använts i ett protektionistiskt syfte för att skydda nationell industri från utländsk konkurrens, vilket är en bidragande faktor till att EU har valt att lagstifta på området för att säkerställa en fungerande inre marknad.

Miljöhänsyn i offentlig upphandling var länge misstrodd för att vara en täckmantel för nationella protektionistiska syften.
I takt med att miljöpolicy fick en ökad betydelse i EU så förändrades även synen på grön offentlig upphandling (GPP) som ett viktigt instrument för att... (More)
Under 2013 utgjorde värdet av medlemsstaternas offentliga upphandling ungefär 18 procent av deras BNP, vilket gör det till ett kraftfullt verktyg att använda för att främja vissa samhällsmål.
Traditionellt sett så har offentlig upphandling använts i ett protektionistiskt syfte för att skydda nationell industri från utländsk konkurrens, vilket är en bidragande faktor till att EU har valt att lagstifta på området för att säkerställa en fungerande inre marknad.

Miljöhänsyn i offentlig upphandling var länge misstrodd för att vara en täckmantel för nationella protektionistiska syften.
I takt med att miljöpolicy fick en ökad betydelse i EU så förändrades även synen på grön offentlig upphandling (GPP) som ett viktigt instrument för att uppnå miljömässiga såväl som ekonomiska fördelar.

Den 11 februari 2014 antogs ett nytt upphandlingsdirektiv av Rådet för att understödja Europa 2020-strategin. Denna ekonomiska strategi formulerades i efterdyningarna av finanskrisen 2008 och ämnade åtgärda brister i EU:s tillväxtmodell genom att fokusera på smart, hållbar och social tillväxt.

Europa 2020-strategin identifierade GPP som ett väsentligt marknadsbaserat instrument för att uppnå hållbar tillväxt genom att stödja övergången till en resurseffektiv ekonomi med låga koldioxidutsläpp.
Den logiska grunden för främjandet av GPP är att upphandlande myndigheter, som ekonomiskt starka marknadsaktörer, kan forma produktions- och konsumtionsmönster till att verka för en hållbar användning av naturtillgångar vilket främjar både miljön såväl som ekonomin i sin helhet.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att, från ett rättsekonomiskt perspektiv, undersöka förutsättningarna för GPP att fungera som ett effektivt policy instrument i betydelsen att verka för en hållbar utveckling, som beskrivet i Europa 2020-strategin. De innovativa lösningarna som presenteras i det nya upphandlingsdirektivet som ett svar på bristerna i det föregående direktivet utgör utgångspunkten för en bedömning av GPP’s effektivitet som det för nuvarande är reglerat.

Uppsatsens presentation visar att mobiliseringen av GPP i EU för nuvarande möter en rad hinder. Möjligheten att inkorporera miljökriterier i offentlig upphandling är inte längre ifrågasatt men legaliteten av en enskild användning av GPP beror i stor grad på hur den upphandlande myndigheten formulerar sina miljökriterier. Utformandet av miljökriterier i enlighet med EU rätt som genererar miljömässiga och ekonomiska fördelar är en tekniskt utmanande uppgift som ger upphov till höga transaktionskostnader.

De höga transaktionskostnaderna och det komplicerade utövandet av GPP gör att upphandlande myndigheter ofta avstår från att tillämpa miljökriterier, vilket underminerar möjligheten för GPP att verka för en hållbar utveckling.
Tillämpningen av GPP varierar också mycket mellan olika medlemsstater vilket antas bero på en brist på politiskt ledarskap och en fragmenterad offentlig efterfrågan av GPP.

Det nya offentliga upphandlingsdirektivet presenterar en rad lösningar menade att uppmuntra en utökad tillämpning av GPP bland upphandlande myndigheter genom att underlätta och klargöra dess användande. Indikativa mål har också fastställts av Kommissionen för att ytterligare understryka vikten av en ökad tillämpning av GPP i EU.

Denna uppsats visar emellertid på att främjandet av GPP sällan grundar sig i ekonomisk forskning eller studier som fastställer att GPP faktiskt är ett effektivt policyinstrument som kan bidra till att förändra marknaden i en hållbar riktning.
Marknadsförutsättningar såsom priskänsligheten hos producenter och konsumenter i förhållande till förändrade marknadspriser kan exempelvis ha en betydande effekt på GPP’s förmåga att åstadkomma en hållbar utveckling och borde därför ingå i en bedömning av dess effektivitet.

Därutöver är det frivilligt för producenter att delta i GPP, vilket kan motverka dess målsättning att bidra till en hållbar utveckling då ekonomiska aktörer kan välja att inte delta i GPP om kostnaderna för att uppfylla miljökriterier överstiger de potentiella ekonomiska fördelarna som följer av att vinna en upphandling. Det är också mer troligt att potentiella anbudsgivare väljer att avstå från att delta i en grön offentlig upphandling om miljökraven är högt ställda, vilket ifrågasätter GPP’s effektivitet i förhållande till att generera betydelsefulla miljövinster.
Det återstår att se om implementeringen av det nya direktivet i nationell lagstiftning kommer att bidra till en förbättring av de utmaningar som för tillfället möter mobiliseringen av GPP. (Less)
Abstract
In 2013, approximately 18 % of member states GDP was spent on public procurement, making it a powerful tool for governments to use to further certain objectives.
Traditionally, public procurement has been used for protectionist purposes to safeguard national industry from foreign competition, which is why the EU has chosen to regulate this area of law to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market.

Environmental concern in public procurement was for long distrusted in the EU for merely acting as a cloak for national protectionist objectives. As environmental policy gradually gained recognition in the EU over time, so did green public procurement (GPP) as a policy instrument to achieve environmental as well as economic... (More)
In 2013, approximately 18 % of member states GDP was spent on public procurement, making it a powerful tool for governments to use to further certain objectives.
Traditionally, public procurement has been used for protectionist purposes to safeguard national industry from foreign competition, which is why the EU has chosen to regulate this area of law to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market.

Environmental concern in public procurement was for long distrusted in the EU for merely acting as a cloak for national protectionist objectives. As environmental policy gradually gained recognition in the EU over time, so did green public procurement (GPP) as a policy instrument to achieve environmental as well as economic objectives.

On 11 February 2014, a new public procurement directive was adopted by the Council to help deliver the Europe 2020 strategy. This economic strategy was formulated in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008 and sought to rectify imperfections in the EU growth model by focusing on smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.

The Europe 2020 strategy identified GPP as a key market-based instrument to achieve the objective of sustainable growth by supporting the transition to a resource efficient and low carbon economy.
The rationale for promoting GPP is that contracting authorities, as financially strong market actors, can shape production and consumption patterns to work for a sustainable use of resources, which will be beneficial both to the environment, as well as the economy as a whole.

This thesis aims to examine, from a law and economics perspective, the conditions for GPP to function as an efficient policy instrument in terms of contributing to a sustainable development, as described in the Europe 2020 strategy. The innovative solutions presented in the new procurement directive to the deficiencies of the preceding directive is the point of departure for an assessment of GPP’s efficiency as it is currently regulated.

The presentation shows that a series of obstacles currently face the mobilisation of GPP in the EU. The possibility to incorporate environmental criteria in procurement is no longer in question but the legality of a particular use of GPP depends largely on how a contracting authority formulates its environmental criteria. The elaboration of environmental criteria in line with EU law that generate environmental and economic benefits is a technically challenging task that gives rise to high transaction costs.

The current high costs and complex execution of GPP discourages contracting authorities from engaging in GPP, which undermines the possibility for GPP to support the shift towards a sustainable development.
The uptake of GPP also varies a lot between member states, which is due to a lack of political leadership and a fragmented public procurement demand.

The new public procurement directive proposes a number of solutions to encourage an increased uptake of GPP among contracting authorities by facilitating and clarifying the use of GPP. Indicative targets have also been set by the Commission to further emphasise the importance of a wide use of GPP in the EU.

The thesis, however, show that the promotion of GPP is rarely founded in economic research or studies establishing GPP as an effective policy instrument to transform the market to become more sustainable.
Market conditions such as the price sensitivity of producers and consumers in relation to changes in market prices can for example have a substantial effect on GPP’s ability to achieve sustainable development and should therefore be included in the assessment of its efficiency.

In addition, the voluntary element of GPP might impede its objective to achieve sustainable development as economic actors can choose not to participate in GPP if the costs of complying with environmental criteria exceed the potential economic benefits that might be gained from being awarded with the contract. Ambitious environmental criteria are more likely to deter tenderers from participating in GPP, which questions GPP’s efficiency in generating substantial environmental benefits.
It remains to be seen whether the implementation of the new public procurement directive will contribute to an improvement of the challenges currently facing the mobilisation of GPP. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Eriksson, Emelie LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU law
language
English
id
4451209
date added to LUP
2014-06-13 09:31:35
date last changed
2014-06-13 09:31:35
@misc{4451209,
  abstract     = {{In 2013, approximately 18 % of member states GDP was spent on public procurement, making it a powerful tool for governments to use to further certain objectives. 
Traditionally, public procurement has been used for protectionist purposes to safeguard national industry from foreign competition, which is why the EU has chosen to regulate this area of law to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market. 

Environmental concern in public procurement was for long distrusted in the EU for merely acting as a cloak for national protectionist objectives. As environmental policy gradually gained recognition in the EU over time, so did green public procurement (GPP) as a policy instrument to achieve environmental as well as economic objectives. 

On 11 February 2014, a new public procurement directive was adopted by the Council to help deliver the Europe 2020 strategy. This economic strategy was formulated in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008 and sought to rectify imperfections in the EU growth model by focusing on smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.

The Europe 2020 strategy identified GPP as a key market-based instrument to achieve the objective of sustainable growth by supporting the transition to a resource efficient and low carbon economy. 
The rationale for promoting GPP is that contracting authorities, as financially strong market actors, can shape production and consumption patterns to work for a sustainable use of resources, which will be beneficial both to the environment, as well as the economy as a whole.

This thesis aims to examine, from a law and economics perspective, the conditions for GPP to function as an efficient policy instrument in terms of contributing to a sustainable development, as described in the Europe 2020 strategy. The innovative solutions presented in the new procurement directive to the deficiencies of the preceding directive is the point of departure for an assessment of GPP’s efficiency as it is currently regulated. 

The presentation shows that a series of obstacles currently face the mobilisation of GPP in the EU. The possibility to incorporate environmental criteria in procurement is no longer in question but the legality of a particular use of GPP depends largely on how a contracting authority formulates its environmental criteria. The elaboration of environmental criteria in line with EU law that generate environmental and economic benefits is a technically challenging task that gives rise to high transaction costs. 

The current high costs and complex execution of GPP discourages contracting authorities from engaging in GPP, which undermines the possibility for GPP to support the shift towards a sustainable development. 
The uptake of GPP also varies a lot between member states, which is due to a lack of political leadership and a fragmented public procurement demand. 

The new public procurement directive proposes a number of solutions to encourage an increased uptake of GPP among contracting authorities by facilitating and clarifying the use of GPP. Indicative targets have also been set by the Commission to further emphasise the importance of a wide use of GPP in the EU. 

The thesis, however, show that the promotion of GPP is rarely founded in economic research or studies establishing GPP as an effective policy instrument to transform the market to become more sustainable. 
Market conditions such as the price sensitivity of producers and consumers in relation to changes in market prices can for example have a substantial effect on GPP’s ability to achieve sustainable development and should therefore be included in the assessment of its efficiency. 

In addition, the voluntary element of GPP might impede its objective to achieve sustainable development as economic actors can choose not to participate in GPP if the costs of complying with environmental criteria exceed the potential economic benefits that might be gained from being awarded with the contract. Ambitious environmental criteria are more likely to deter tenderers from participating in GPP, which questions GPP’s efficiency in generating substantial environmental benefits. 
It remains to be seen whether the implementation of the new public procurement directive will contribute to an improvement of the challenges currently facing the mobilisation of GPP.}},
  author       = {{Eriksson, Emelie}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Green public procurement as a policy instrument - Study from a law and economics perspective on the efficiency of using green public procurement to achieve sustainable development in the EU}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}