Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Regional Autonomy and Respect for Human Rights – Indonesia’s Obligation to Ensure that Women are not Discriminated in Local Regulations

Sandqvist, Cecilia LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract
Indonesia has ratified the crucial international human rights treaties obligating states to eliminate discrimination against women – the CEDAW, the ICCPR and the ICESCR. Yet discrimination against women exists in Indonesia, especially fuelled by local regulations able to arise due to the country’s strong regional autonomy. Enacted either at province, regency or city level, these regulations contradict not only the human right treaties, but also Indonesia’s Constitution and national law. Numerous national institutions, mechanisms and processes exist to prevent enactment of, or amend or annul, such discriminatory local regulations. Despite this, however, their numbers are steadily growing.

This thesis was conducted with the main aim of... (More)
Indonesia has ratified the crucial international human rights treaties obligating states to eliminate discrimination against women – the CEDAW, the ICCPR and the ICESCR. Yet discrimination against women exists in Indonesia, especially fuelled by local regulations able to arise due to the country’s strong regional autonomy. Enacted either at province, regency or city level, these regulations contradict not only the human right treaties, but also Indonesia’s Constitution and national law. Numerous national institutions, mechanisms and processes exist to prevent enactment of, or amend or annul, such discriminatory local regulations. Despite this, however, their numbers are steadily growing.

This thesis was conducted with the main aim of investigating if Indonesia can be considered to fulfill its international human rights obligation to ensure that women are not discriminated, taking into consideration that discriminatory local Indonesian regulations exist and assessing if the measures taken to prevent, amend or annul them are sufficiently adequate. This was accomplished through interviewing representatives from Indonesian Ministries and National Commissions plus an international human rights NGO, as well as translating Indonesian law text (a two-month research trip to the country’s capital of Jakarta was partially funded by a Minor Field Study scholarship from the Swedish government agency Sida). Additional sources were textbooks, reports, news articles and, especially, official documents from the international treaty committees.

The thesis found that Indonesia does not live up to its international obligations – a conclusion reached through three separate assessments: whether or not Indonesia fulfills 1) its obligation to enact national law that prohibits discrimination of women in general (yes); 2) its obligation to prevent the enactment of local regulations that discriminate against women (no, despite the many existing possibilities for doing so); and 3) its obligation to amend and annul local regulations that discriminate against women (no, despite the many existing possibilities for doing so).

The thesis also synthesized thoughts presented to the author concerning a second research question: why local regulations that discriminate against women exist in Indonesia (lack of knowledge about human rights, cultural reasons, religious reasons, ineffective institutions and processes for amendment/annulment, and political interests) and what Indonesia can do to address this problem (most importantly increased and intelligently designed education in human rights for all members of society). (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Indonesien har ratificerat de viktiga internationella mänskliga rättigheter-traktaten som ålägger stater att eliminera diskriminering av kvinnor – CEDAW, ICCPR och ICESCR. Ändå existerar omfattande diskriminering av kvinnor i landet, underblåst särskilt av lokala regleringar som tillkommit genom den starka regionala autonomin. Dessa regleringar, antagna på provins-, region- eller stadsnivå, bryter inte bara mot nämnda traktat utan också mot landets grundlag och nationella lagstiftning. Flertalet institutioner, mekanismer och processer finns för att förhindra, ändra eller upphäva dessa lokala regleringar, men trots detta växer de ständigt i antal.

Denna uppsats primära syfte var att undersöka om Indonesien kan sägas uppfylla sitt... (More)
Indonesien har ratificerat de viktiga internationella mänskliga rättigheter-traktaten som ålägger stater att eliminera diskriminering av kvinnor – CEDAW, ICCPR och ICESCR. Ändå existerar omfattande diskriminering av kvinnor i landet, underblåst särskilt av lokala regleringar som tillkommit genom den starka regionala autonomin. Dessa regleringar, antagna på provins-, region- eller stadsnivå, bryter inte bara mot nämnda traktat utan också mot landets grundlag och nationella lagstiftning. Flertalet institutioner, mekanismer och processer finns för att förhindra, ändra eller upphäva dessa lokala regleringar, men trots detta växer de ständigt i antal.

Denna uppsats primära syfte var att undersöka om Indonesien kan sägas uppfylla sitt internationella åtagande att inte diskriminera kvinnor, särskilt utifrån utgångspunkten att lokala Indonesiska regleringar som diskriminerar kvinnor existerar, samt att utvärdera ifall tagna åtgärder för att förhindra, ändra eller upphäva dessa regleringar är tillräckliga. Detta åstadkoms genom att intervjua representanter från indonesiska ministerier och nationella kommissioner, plus en internationell NGO verksam inom området mänskliga rättigheter, samt genom att översätta indonesisk lagtext (en två månader lång forskningsresa till huvudstaden Jakarta behjälptes av en Minor Field Study-stipendium från Sida). Övriga källor utgjordes av textböcker, rapporter, nyhetsartiklar och, framförallt, officiella dokument från kommittéerna för de internationella traktaten om de mänskliga rättigheterna.


Uppsatsen fann att Indonesien inte lever upp till sitt internationella åtagande – en slutsats nådd genom tre separata utvärderingar: 1) ifall Indonesien uppfyller sitt åtagande om att anta nationell lagstiftning som förbjuder diskriminering av kvinnor i allmänhet (ja); 2) ifall Indonesien uppfyller sitt åtagande att förhindra antagandet av lokala regleringar som diskriminerar kvinnor (nej); och 3) ifall Indonesien uppfyller sitt åtagande att ändra och upphäva lokala regleringar som diskriminerar kvinnor (nej).

Uppsatsen syntetiserade också tankar framförda till författaren angående en andra forskningsfråga: varför lokala regleringar som diskriminerar kvinnor existerar i Indonesien (bristande kunskaper om mänskliga rättigheter, kulturella skäl, religiösa skäl, ineffektiva institutioner och processer för förhindrande/förändring/upphävning, och politiska intressen) och vad landet kan göra för att adressera detta problem (viktigast är utökad och intelligent utformad utbildning inom mänskliga rättigheter för alla medborgare). (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Sandqvist, Cecilia LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
International Human Rights Law, Discrimination against Women, CEDAW, Indonesia, Regional Autonomy
language
English
id
4451625
date added to LUP
2014-06-17 13:51:56
date last changed
2014-06-17 13:51:56
@misc{4451625,
  abstract     = {{Indonesia has ratified the crucial international human rights treaties obligating states to eliminate discrimination against women – the CEDAW, the ICCPR and the ICESCR. Yet discrimination against women exists in Indonesia, especially fuelled by local regulations able to arise due to the country’s strong regional autonomy. Enacted either at province, regency or city level, these regulations contradict not only the human right treaties, but also Indonesia’s Constitution and national law. Numerous national institutions, mechanisms and processes exist to prevent enactment of, or amend or annul, such discriminatory local regulations. Despite this, however, their numbers are steadily growing.

This thesis was conducted with the main aim of investigating if Indonesia can be considered to fulfill its international human rights obligation to ensure that women are not discriminated, taking into consideration that discriminatory local Indonesian regulations exist and assessing if the measures taken to prevent, amend or annul them are sufficiently adequate. This was accomplished through interviewing representatives from Indonesian Ministries and National Commissions plus an international human rights NGO, as well as translating Indonesian law text (a two-month research trip to the country’s capital of Jakarta was partially funded by a Minor Field Study scholarship from the Swedish government agency Sida). Additional sources were textbooks, reports, news articles and, especially, official documents from the international treaty committees. 

The thesis found that Indonesia does not live up to its international obligations – a conclusion reached through three separate assessments: whether or not Indonesia fulfills 1) its obligation to enact national law that prohibits discrimination of women in general (yes); 2) its obligation to prevent the enactment of local regulations that discriminate against women (no, despite the many existing possibilities for doing so); and 3) its obligation to amend and annul local regulations that discriminate against women (no, despite the many existing possibilities for doing so).

The thesis also synthesized thoughts presented to the author concerning a second research question: why local regulations that discriminate against women exist in Indonesia (lack of knowledge about human rights, cultural reasons, religious reasons, ineffective institutions and processes for amendment/annulment, and political interests) and what Indonesia can do to address this problem (most importantly increased and intelligently designed education in human rights for all members of society).}},
  author       = {{Sandqvist, Cecilia}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Regional Autonomy and Respect for Human Rights – Indonesia’s Obligation to Ensure that Women are not Discriminated in Local Regulations}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}