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LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Is Proportionality Dependent on Legal Certainty?

Nisses, Fanny LU (2014) JURM02 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Varje medlemsstat har förbehållit sig rätten att lagstifta inom rättsområdet direkt beskattning. Det medför att medlemsstaterna är skatterättsligt suveräna och att gemensamma EU-beslut kan fattas inom detta rättsområde, under särskilda omständigheter. Trots detta har EU-domstolen sedan ca 30 år tillbaka, avkunnat domar som berör frågor huruvida regler inom den direkta beskattningens område är förenliga med den fria rörligheten. Möjligheten för EU-domstolen att fördöma en medlemsstats lagstiftning inom andra rättsområden har dock funnits betydligt längre. Vid en prövning av huruvida en medlemsstats nationella lagstiftning är förenlig med den fria rörligheten använder sig EU-domstolen av en fler-stegs-metod. Den sista prövningen, som kan... (More)
Varje medlemsstat har förbehållit sig rätten att lagstifta inom rättsområdet direkt beskattning. Det medför att medlemsstaterna är skatterättsligt suveräna och att gemensamma EU-beslut kan fattas inom detta rättsområde, under särskilda omständigheter. Trots detta har EU-domstolen sedan ca 30 år tillbaka, avkunnat domar som berör frågor huruvida regler inom den direkta beskattningens område är förenliga med den fria rörligheten. Möjligheten för EU-domstolen att fördöma en medlemsstats lagstiftning inom andra rättsområden har dock funnits betydligt längre. Vid en prövning av huruvida en medlemsstats nationella lagstiftning är förenlig med den fria rörligheten använder sig EU-domstolen av en fler-stegs-metod. Den sista prövningen, som kan sägas ingå i rättfärdigandeprövningen, innefattar en proportionalitetsprövning. Det är själva proportionalitetsprövningen som är föremål för behandling i detta examensarbete.
Proportionalitetsprincipen uttrycks ofta av EU-domstolen genom följande referens: Lagstiftningen ska inte gå utöver vad som krävs för att uppnå dess syfte. Denna kärna har tidvis kompletterats med ytterligare krav eller kriterier av processuell eller administrativ karaktär. Dessa krav har sporadiskt dykt upp i proportionalitetsprövningen, och så har även skett i mål rörande lagstiftning som tillhör den direkta beskattningens område. I målen SIAT och ITELCAR uppmärksammade EU-domstolen att de ifrågasatta reglerna innehöll begrepp som inte hade någon uttalad definition inom respektive stats lagstiftning och praxis. EU- domstolen konstaterade att då reglerna inte uppfyllde principen om rättssäkerhet så kunde de inte anses vara proportionerliga och således kunde reglerna inte rättfärdigas. Utgör rättssäkerhetsprincipen således ett krav inom ramen för proportionalitetsprövningen?
Vid prövning av regler inom andra rättsområden har EU-domstolen sporadiskt lyft fram principen om rättssäkerhet som krav inom ramen för proportionalitetsprincipen. Kriteriet har främst använts i mål där den nationella lagstiftningen bygger på begrepp och definitioner som inte är tydliga eller där den nationella lagstiftningen har uppställt ett krav på beslut innan vissa handlingar har kunnat vidtas. Exempelvis kan Laval- målet som berör den svenska arbetsrätten nämnas tillsammans med golden shares- målet samt Church of Scientology-målet som båda berörde franska regler om auktorisering i förtid av vissa investeringar. SIAT- respektive ITELCAR-målet indikerar att denna utveckling har nått regler som tillhör den direkta beskattningens område.
Frågorna som bör ställas är kanske om proportionalitetsprövningen bör konstrueras på detta sätt. Är det eftersträvansvärt att utöka kraven inom ramen för själva proportionalitetsprincipen? Finns det utrymme för principen om rättssäkerhet och vilka effekter får en sådan konstruktion? Oavsett bör det framhållas att principen om rättsäkerhet, med stor sannolikhet, kommer att utgöra ett krav inom ramen för proportionalitetsprövningen i framtiden. (Less)
Abstract
Over the years it has become clear that the Court of Justice of the European Union may, despite the principle of fiscal sovereignty rule on the compatibility of domestic tax measures belonging to the field of direct taxation, with the fundamental freedoms. Truthfully, the compatibility assessment is found much earlier in other fields of law. The last step of the methodology used by the Court encompasses a proportionality assessment, which could be said to form part of the justification process. It could however, also be viewed as an independent step in the method used by the Court. This master thesis concerns the question of whether the principle of proportionality is dependent on legal certainty. In the light of recent case law delivered... (More)
Over the years it has become clear that the Court of Justice of the European Union may, despite the principle of fiscal sovereignty rule on the compatibility of domestic tax measures belonging to the field of direct taxation, with the fundamental freedoms. Truthfully, the compatibility assessment is found much earlier in other fields of law. The last step of the methodology used by the Court encompasses a proportionality assessment, which could be said to form part of the justification process. It could however, also be viewed as an independent step in the method used by the Court. This master thesis concerns the question of whether the principle of proportionality is dependent on legal certainty. In the light of recent case law delivered by the ECJ such conclusion may be drawn.
The principle of proportionality is portrayed as a substantive principle often expressed by the Court with the wording that; the measures in question must be appropriate and necessary to achieve its objectives. Apart from this there have been a discussion on whether the principle of proportionality entail procedural requirement as well. This is commonly referred to as the proceduralization. Procedural requirements have occasionally surfaced in the context of the compatibility assessment in EU law in general. However, this may also been seen in the case law of the Court concerning measures belonging to the field of direct taxation. In the ITELCAR-case following the SIAT- case, the Court held that the measures were not proportionate, as they did not fulfil the principle of legal certainty, as a procedural requirement imposed by the principle of proportionality. In both cases the Court made it all the way to the proportionality assessment before contemplating that since the rules where not sufficiently precise, they did not fulfil the principle of legal certainty, hence, they could, according to the Court not be considered proportionate. Consequently, the domestic measures in question were not justifiable. So is legal certainty a requirement for proportionality?
The question on whether legal certainty constitutes an additional requirement for proportionality has been seen within other fields of law where the domestic measures in question have been somewhat ambiguous with regard to certain expressions and definitions, or whether the system laid down by the domestic measures have not been foreseeable. Examples are seen in inter alia the Laval-case, concerning the Swedish labour legislation, the golden shares-case concerning a system of prior authorisation for acquisition of shares in a certain entity and in the Church of Scientology-case concerning a similar system of prior authorisation, both concerning French legislation. Both the SIAT-case and the ITELCAR-case suggests that this development have reached the field of direct taxation.
The questions to ask are perhaps if this construction of the principle of proportionality, with the procedural requirements is desirable, whether legal certainty as a general principle of law, really fits within the technical frame of that principle and what consequences that follows from such a technical construction? Nonetheless, legal certainty will most certainly continue to surface as a procedural requirement within the proportionality assessment. (Less)
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author
Nisses, Fanny LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
EU law, fiscal law, social and welfare law, tax law, the principle of proportionality, fundamental freedoms, the principle of legal certainty, procedural requirements
language
English
id
4585800
date added to LUP
2014-09-09 12:55:35
date last changed
2014-09-09 12:55:35
@misc{4585800,
  abstract     = {{Over the years it has become clear that the Court of Justice of the European Union may, despite the principle of fiscal sovereignty rule on the compatibility of domestic tax measures belonging to the field of direct taxation, with the fundamental freedoms. Truthfully, the compatibility assessment is found much earlier in other fields of law. The last step of the methodology used by the Court encompasses a proportionality assessment, which could be said to form part of the justification process. It could however, also be viewed as an independent step in the method used by the Court. This master thesis concerns the question of whether the principle of proportionality is dependent on legal certainty. In the light of recent case law delivered by the ECJ such conclusion may be drawn.
The principle of proportionality is portrayed as a substantive principle often expressed by the Court with the wording that; the measures in question must be appropriate and necessary to achieve its objectives. Apart from this there have been a discussion on whether the principle of proportionality entail procedural requirement as well. This is commonly referred to as the proceduralization. Procedural requirements have occasionally surfaced in the context of the compatibility assessment in EU law in general. However, this may also been seen in the case law of the Court concerning measures belonging to the field of direct taxation. In the ITELCAR-case following the SIAT- case, the Court held that the measures were not proportionate, as they did not fulfil the principle of legal certainty, as a procedural requirement imposed by the principle of proportionality. In both cases the Court made it all the way to the proportionality assessment before contemplating that since the rules where not sufficiently precise, they did not fulfil the principle of legal certainty, hence, they could, according to the Court not be considered proportionate. Consequently, the domestic measures in question were not justifiable. So is legal certainty a requirement for proportionality?
The question on whether legal certainty constitutes an additional requirement for proportionality has been seen within other fields of law where the domestic measures in question have been somewhat ambiguous with regard to certain expressions and definitions, or whether the system laid down by the domestic measures have not been foreseeable. Examples are seen in inter alia the Laval-case, concerning the Swedish labour legislation, the golden shares-case concerning a system of prior authorisation for acquisition of shares in a certain entity and in the Church of Scientology-case concerning a similar system of prior authorisation, both concerning French legislation. Both the SIAT-case and the ITELCAR-case suggests that this development have reached the field of direct taxation.
The questions to ask are perhaps if this construction of the principle of proportionality, with the procedural requirements is desirable, whether legal certainty as a general principle of law, really fits within the technical frame of that principle and what consequences that follows from such a technical construction? Nonetheless, legal certainty will most certainly continue to surface as a procedural requirement within the proportionality assessment.}},
  author       = {{Nisses, Fanny}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Is Proportionality Dependent on Legal Certainty?}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}