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En jämförelse mellan samarbetssamtal och inomrättslig medling – i komparation med Norge

Lindmark, Stina LU (2014) JURM01 20141
Department of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Varje dag beslutar sig föräldrar runt om i Sverige för att de inte längre vill leva tillsammans. Frågan om vem/vilka som ska ha vårdnaden om barnet, var barnet ska bo och hur umgänget med barnet ska se ut, måste då lösas. I de bästa av fallen kommer föräldrarna själva fram till en bra lösning om hur detta ska fungera. Det de kommit fram till blir då gällande, så länge överenskommelsen inte uppenbart står i strid med det bästa för barnet. I många fall kan emellertid inte föräldrarna lösa dessa frågor på egen hand, ibland på grund av att det finns en svår konflikt dem emellan. I dessa fall kan frågan i sista hand komma att avgöras av domstol. Lagstiftaren har dock strävat efter att få föräldrar att nå samförståndslösningar, då det ofta anses... (More)
Varje dag beslutar sig föräldrar runt om i Sverige för att de inte längre vill leva tillsammans. Frågan om vem/vilka som ska ha vårdnaden om barnet, var barnet ska bo och hur umgänget med barnet ska se ut, måste då lösas. I de bästa av fallen kommer föräldrarna själva fram till en bra lösning om hur detta ska fungera. Det de kommit fram till blir då gällande, så länge överenskommelsen inte uppenbart står i strid med det bästa för barnet. I många fall kan emellertid inte föräldrarna lösa dessa frågor på egen hand, ibland på grund av att det finns en svår konflikt dem emellan. I dessa fall kan frågan i sista hand komma att avgöras av domstol. Lagstiftaren har dock strävat efter att få föräldrar att nå samförståndslösningar, då det ofta anses vara bättre, jämfört med att domstolen beslutar om vårdnad, boende och umgänge. Domstolen har därför möjlighet att erbjuda såväl samarbetssamtal som inomrättslig medling, i syfte att hjälpa föräldrarna komma överens om dessa frågor. I denna framställning jämför jag de två verktygen för att undersöka vilka likheter och skillnader det finns dem emellan. Jag redogör även för hur föräldraseparationer hanteras i Norge, och jag jämför sedan detta med det svenska systemet. Slutligen kommer jag med egna förslag på hur den svenska lagstiftningen skulle kunna utvecklas.

Föräldrar som separerar kan på eget initiativ kontakta socialtjänsten, och där genomföra samarbetssamtal. Samtalen genomförs tillsammans med samtalsledare som socialtjänsten utsett. Om fråga om vårdnad, boende och umgänge tas upp i domstol är det även möjligt för rätten att förordna om samarbetssamtal. Rätten har likaså möjlighet att besluta att en medlare ska få i uppdrag att försöka få föräldrarna att nå en samförståndslösning. Samarbetssamtal och inomrättslig medling är i många avseenden förhållandevis lika varandra då de båda har samma syfte. Det är dock inte möjligt för föräldrarna att själva initiera medling, såvida de inte är beredda att själva stå för kostnaderna. Inomrättslig medling blir dessutom enbart aktuellt i ett senare skede av domstolsprocessen, då samarbetssamtal är det initiala verktyget som ska användas.

I Norge är medling obligatoriskt för separerande föräldrar, med vissa undantag, exempelvis då grovt våld förekommit. Föräldrarna måste närvara vid minst en timmes medling. De får sedan en medlingsattest som möjliggör ett rättsligt giltigt avtal om vårdnad, boende och umgänge. Detta obligatorium gäller även om föräldrarna redan är överens om de aktuella frågorna. Om föräldrarna inte kan komma överens vid denna första träff, finns möjlighet för dem att träffas fler gånger tillsammans med medlare.

I framställningens analys konstateras att det finns många likheter mellan samarbetssamtal och inomrättslig medling. Syftet är detsamma, och det är i huvudsak upp till samtalsledaren att avgöra hur samtalet ska genomföras (om än det är möjligt för domstolen att lämna anvisningar vid inomrättslig medling). Det finns dock även skillnader mellan verktygen, bland annat den inomrättsliga medlingens sena placering i processen. Detta kan försvåra medlingens genomförande, då konflikten vid det laget kan ha blivit djupare än den var initialt. En möjlighet till tidigareläggning av medling hade således varit önskvärd. Det konstateras dessutom att barnets bästa riskerar att glömmas bort vid samarbetssamtal och medling, då allt fokus istället läggs på föräldrarnas konflikt. Det finns även en risk att en eventuell samförståndslösning som uppnås, inte överensstämmer med barnets bästa, då andra anledningar kan ligga bakom lösningen. Det är därför viktigt att understryka vikten av barnets bästa.

Avslutningsvis menar jag att det är positivt att lagstiftaren utvecklar möjligheterna för domstolen att försöka få fram en samförståndslösning mellan föräldrarna. Det är dock angeläget att poängtera vikten av barnets bästa. Jag anser att inspiration finns att hämta från det norska systemet i flera avseenden. En mer förtydligande reglering kring vem som får vara medlare, samt införandet av ett medlingsobligatorium för separerande föräldrar, skulle enligt mig medföra positiva konsekvenser för barnet, föräldrarna och samhället i stort. (Less)
Abstract
Every day parents all around Sweden decide that they no longer want to live together. The principal issues that require resolution pertain to primary custody of the child, where the child will live, and how access will be regulated between the parents. In the best of circumstances, the parents will on their own reach a decision that satisfactorily resolves these issues. Their agreement will be legally binding as long as the arrangement does not conflict with considerations in the best interest of the child. However, in many cases, the parents will not be able to reach an agreement on their own due to severe conflict existing between them. The dispute may ultimately be decided by the court in such cases. Nevertheless, the legislature has... (More)
Every day parents all around Sweden decide that they no longer want to live together. The principal issues that require resolution pertain to primary custody of the child, where the child will live, and how access will be regulated between the parents. In the best of circumstances, the parents will on their own reach a decision that satisfactorily resolves these issues. Their agreement will be legally binding as long as the arrangement does not conflict with considerations in the best interest of the child. However, in many cases, the parents will not be able to reach an agreement on their own due to severe conflict existing between them. The dispute may ultimately be decided by the court in such cases. Nevertheless, the legislature has been striving for consensus solutions since it is often considered to be more suitable, in comparison to court-decisions regarding custody, residence and access. For that reason, the court has the possibility to offer cooperation talks as well as in-court mediation for the purpose of helping the parents come to an agreement on these issues. I compare these two means in this petition, with the purpose to examine the similarities and differences between them. I also explain how separations between parents are handled in Norway, and compare those measures with the Swedish system. Finally, I make my own suggestion on how the Swedish legislation could evolve.

Parents who separate can take the initiative of contacting the social services to engage in cooperation talks. These meetings are carried out with one or more conversation-leaders who are appointed by the social services. If the issues about custody, residence and access are brought to court, it is also possible for the court to decree cooperation talks. Furthermore, the court can also decide that a mediator will be delegated in an effort to secure a consensus solution reached by the parents. Cooperation talks and in-court mediation are, in many respects, relatively similar to each other since they both have the same purpose. However, it is not possible for the parents to initiate mediation on their own unless they are willing to pay for it themselves. In addition, in-court mediation will only be used in a later stage of the process, since cooperation talks are the initial method that shall be used.

Mediation is mandatory for separating parents in Norway, but includes some exceptions such as exemption when severe domestic violence has occurred. The parents are required to be present for at least one hour of mediation. Upon completion, they will receive a certification that enables a legally binding agreement regarding custody, residence and access. The mediation is mandatory even if the parents already agree on the issues. If the parents are unable to come to an agreement at the first meeting, it is possible for them to have additional meetings with the mediator.

In the analysis of this petition, it is stated that there are many similarities between cooperation talks and in-court mediation. The purpose is the same,and it is mainly up to the conversation-leader to decide how the conversation will be performed (even though it is possible for the court to give directives when in-court mediation is at hand). However, there are differences between the means, for instance the in-court mediations late position in the process. This can aggravate the mediation since the parental conflict might have become more severe than it was initially. Hence, it would be desirable to make it possible to have mediation also at an early stage of the process. It is also stated that the child’s best interest might be forgotten, because all of the focus is directed towards the conflict between the parents. There is also a risk that a possible consensus solution is not in line with what is the best interest of the child, since other reasons might motivate the solution. Therefore, it is essential to underline the importance of the best interest of the child.

In conclusion, I suggest that it is positive that the legislature evolves the possibilities for the court to try to reach a consensus solution between the parents. However, it is important to point out the significance of the best interest of the child. I believe that inspiration can be taken from the Norwegian system in many respects. A more clarified regulation regarding who can be mediator, and the introduction of mandatory mediation for parents who are separating, will according to me, lead to positive consequences for the child, the parents and for the society as a whole. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Lindmark, Stina LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
A comparison between cooperations talks and in-court mediation – in comparison with Norway
course
JURM01 20141
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
familjerätt, medling, vårdnad, boende, umgänge, samarbetssamtal
language
Swedish
id
4587276
date added to LUP
2014-09-03 07:38:00
date last changed
2014-09-03 07:38:00
@misc{4587276,
  abstract     = {{Every day parents all around Sweden decide that they no longer want to live together. The principal issues that require resolution pertain to primary custody of the child, where the child will live, and how access will be regulated between the parents. In the best of circumstances, the parents will on their own reach a decision that satisfactorily resolves these issues. Their agreement will be legally binding as long as the arrangement does not conflict with considerations in the best interest of the child. However, in many cases, the parents will not be able to reach an agreement on their own due to severe conflict existing between them. The dispute may ultimately be decided by the court in such cases. Nevertheless, the legislature has been striving for consensus solutions since it is often considered to be more suitable, in comparison to court-decisions regarding custody, residence and access. For that reason, the court has the possibility to offer cooperation talks as well as in-court mediation for the purpose of helping the parents come to an agreement on these issues. I compare these two means in this petition, with the purpose to examine the similarities and differences between them. I also explain how separations between parents are handled in Norway, and compare those measures with the Swedish system. Finally, I make my own suggestion on how the Swedish legislation could evolve.

Parents who separate can take the initiative of contacting the social services to engage in cooperation talks. These meetings are carried out with one or more conversation-leaders who are appointed by the social services. If the issues about custody, residence and access are brought to court, it is also possible for the court to decree cooperation talks. Furthermore, the court can also decide that a mediator will be delegated in an effort to secure a consensus solution reached by the parents. Cooperation talks and in-court mediation are, in many respects, relatively similar to each other since they both have the same purpose. However, it is not possible for the parents to initiate mediation on their own unless they are willing to pay for it themselves. In addition, in-court mediation will only be used in a later stage of the process, since cooperation talks are the initial method that shall be used.

Mediation is mandatory for separating parents in Norway, but includes some exceptions such as exemption when severe domestic violence has occurred. The parents are required to be present for at least one hour of mediation. Upon completion, they will receive a certification that enables a legally binding agreement regarding custody, residence and access. The mediation is mandatory even if the parents already agree on the issues. If the parents are unable to come to an agreement at the first meeting, it is possible for them to have additional meetings with the mediator.

In the analysis of this petition, it is stated that there are many similarities between cooperation talks and in-court mediation. The purpose is the same,and it is mainly up to the conversation-leader to decide how the conversation will be performed (even though it is possible for the court to give directives when in-court mediation is at hand). However, there are differences between the means, for instance the in-court mediations late position in the process. This can aggravate the mediation since the parental conflict might have become more severe than it was initially. Hence, it would be desirable to make it possible to have mediation also at an early stage of the process. It is also stated that the child’s best interest might be forgotten, because all of the focus is directed towards the conflict between the parents. There is also a risk that a possible consensus solution is not in line with what is the best interest of the child, since other reasons might motivate the solution. Therefore, it is essential to underline the importance of the best interest of the child.

In conclusion, I suggest that it is positive that the legislature evolves the possibilities for the court to try to reach a consensus solution between the parents. However, it is important to point out the significance of the best interest of the child. I believe that inspiration can be taken from the Norwegian system in many respects. A more clarified regulation regarding who can be mediator, and the introduction of mandatory mediation for parents who are separating, will according to me, lead to positive consequences for the child, the parents and for the society as a whole.}},
  author       = {{Lindmark, Stina}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{En jämförelse mellan samarbetssamtal och inomrättslig medling – i komparation med Norge}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}