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Nazism i demokratins högborg - Nazismens påverkan på svensk juridik under perioden 1920-1945

Ek, Johannes LU (2014) LAGF03 20142
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Uppsatsen handlar om hur den svenska lagstiftningen påverkades av den nationalsocialistiska utvecklingen som skedde i Tyskland under åren 1920 – 1945. Den antar ett historiskt utvecklingsperspektiv och är uppdelad i två delar. Den första delen ger en allmän bakgrund samt pekar på de nazistiska rösterna i den svenska politiken vid den aktuella perioden och definierar begreppet nazism. Den andra delen går igenom tre rättsområden och ser hur dessa speglar den nazistiska anda som existerade i svensk politik.
I Tyskland växte nationalsocialismen fram under 1920-talet men det var inte i och med detta som tankar om rasism och totalitarism fick fäste för första gången, tankarna är mycket äldre än så. Den tyska nationalsocialismen satte dock... (More)
Uppsatsen handlar om hur den svenska lagstiftningen påverkades av den nationalsocialistiska utvecklingen som skedde i Tyskland under åren 1920 – 1945. Den antar ett historiskt utvecklingsperspektiv och är uppdelad i två delar. Den första delen ger en allmän bakgrund samt pekar på de nazistiska rösterna i den svenska politiken vid den aktuella perioden och definierar begreppet nazism. Den andra delen går igenom tre rättsområden och ser hur dessa speglar den nazistiska anda som existerade i svensk politik.
I Tyskland växte nationalsocialismen fram under 1920-talet men det var inte i och med detta som tankar om rasism och totalitarism fick fäste för första gången, tankarna är mycket äldre än så. Den tyska nationalsocialismen satte dock administration och lagstiftning till dessa tankar. Tyskland var dock en drivande faktor inom flera områden och Sverige hämtade mycket inspiration därifrån, att en del av lagstiftningen skulle påverkas av detta främst kulturella utbyte var ofrånkomligt.
Nazism definieras främst som rasism i form av den enas ras överlägsenhet gentemot den andra, men också rasens renhet ifrån mänskliga defekter, typ handikapp och psykisk ohälsa. Termer som totalitarism, staten som en krigande organism och hatet mot kommunismen och den allmänna politiska vänsterflanken är vanliga inom nationalsocialismen.
I Sverige fanns flera nationalsocialistiska partier som hade mer eller mindre direkt kontakt med sina partikamrater i Tyskland. Dessa partier fick dock aldrig någon egentlig makt på riksdagsnivå, istället stod den socialdemokratiska regeringen och höger oppositionen för de tyskvänliga inslagen i Svensk politik.
Flyktingmottagningen i Sverige är vårt första exempel. Vi ser en restriktivt hållen mottagning som inte gärna tog emot flyktingar som inte visste på förhand att de kunde försörja sig i Sverige utan statligt stöd. Flyktingar sågs som extremt betungande rent ekonomiskt och den kamp som de flyende fick utstå från naziregimen förringades från svenskt håll. Man ville även kunna se direkt i passen vilka som var judar, för dessa var det då ännu svårare att få komma in i landet. Denna restriktivitet fick sitt slut när Danmark och Norge blev ockuperade och Sverige såg det som sin plikt att dessa skulle få söka skydd i landet, detta gjorde att lagstiftningen luckrades upp och det blev lättare för alla flyktingar att ta sig till Sverige.
Rasbiologin sågs i Sverige som vilken vetenskap som helst, den fick sitt eget institut och stöd från staten. Vissa rasers överlägsenhet i vissa områden sågs som självklar, liksom att vissa kulturella grupper var mer benägna att till exempel begå brott. Det fanns även en rädsla för vad som kunde hända om man inte satte stopp för människor med svåra fysiska sjukdomar eller människor med psykiska åkommor att föröka sig. Just de psykiska åkommorna antog termer som ”sinnesslöhet” som var en väldigt vag bedömning som många människor kunde falla under. Konsekvenserna för dessa var tvångssteriliseringen med stöd i de två steriliseringslagarna från 1934 respektive 1941 samt kastreringslagen från 1944. Frivillighet ställdes upp som huvudregel men i praktiken var tvångsinslaget påtagligt.
Även inom pressfriheten ser vi klar influens från tyskt håll. Naziregimen hade ständig korrespondens med svenska staten och gjorde klart att man ville att Sveriges regering skulle arbeta för att tona ner kritiken som fördes i den svenska pressen. Flera försök gjordes utav regeringen genom bland annat tryckfrihetshetsåtal, transportförbud och konfiskering. Samtliga metoder misslyckades fatalt och försöken sågs efter kriget som stora misslyckanden både med tanke på deras bristande resultat, som statens svek gentemot pressfriheten. Konsekvensen blev en ny tryckfrihetsförordning 1949 med långtgående friheter.
Det är svårt att exakt peka på vilka lagstiftnings mönster som har direkt anknytning till den nationalsocialistiska utvecklingen i Tyskland och vad som kan härledas till de synsätt som delades av allmänheten vid denna tidpunkt. Att Tyskland dock var en huvudsaklig aktör och en stark influens för Sverige är det ingen fråga om. Mycket av Sveriges vilja att vara Tyskland och naziregimen till lags vid denna tidpunkt får härledas till rädslan att bli indragen i kriget, en rädsla som späddes på ju närmare kriget kom, också en tyskvänlighet genom kulturella likheter nationerna emellan har säkert spelat in. Avslutningsvis ska sägas att Sverige ändrade inriktning i sin relation till Tyskland någon gång under 1943 då krigslyckan hade vänt till de allierades fördel, och historierna om naziregimens behandling av våra grannländer tillsammans med ökad kunskap om förintelsen och förhållandena i koncentrationslägren nådde Sverige. Sverige tonade ner sin aggressiva sterilisering, öppnade upp gränserna och tog avstånd från sin egen restriktiva pressfrihetspolitik. (Less)
Abstract
This essay is about how the Swedish legislation was influenced by the development of the National Socialism in Germany during the years 1920 – 1945. The essay will take on a historical development perspective and is divided into two parts. The first part gives a general background and highlights the Nazi voices in the Swedish politics at this current period and defines the concept of Nazism. The second part discusses three legal areas and point out how these mirror the concept of Nazism which existed in Swedish politics.
The National Socialism in Gemany grew forward during the 1920: s, but this was not the start of the concept of racism and totalitarianism. These thoughts have existed for much longer than that. Germany however was an... (More)
This essay is about how the Swedish legislation was influenced by the development of the National Socialism in Germany during the years 1920 – 1945. The essay will take on a historical development perspective and is divided into two parts. The first part gives a general background and highlights the Nazi voices in the Swedish politics at this current period and defines the concept of Nazism. The second part discusses three legal areas and point out how these mirror the concept of Nazism which existed in Swedish politics.
The National Socialism in Gemany grew forward during the 1920: s, but this was not the start of the concept of racism and totalitarianism. These thoughts have existed for much longer than that. Germany however was an important power in many areas and Sweden collected much inspiration from them, not to mention culturally, so that some of Germany’s legislation should appear in Swedish law was inevitable.
The concept of Nazism is foremost defined as racism in the shape of one’s race superiority over another, but also through the purity of one’s race, which should be protected from human defects, as disability and mental unhealthiness. The terms totalitarianism, the state as an organism craving for war, and the hatred for communism and the general left political flank is commonly heard among national socialists.
There were many National Socialist parties in Sweden during this period and they all had more or less contact with their German counterparts. These parties never accumulated any real power, at least not on a parliamentary level. Instead it was the social democratic government and the right opposition who stood for the Nazi friendly features in Swedish politics.
The reception of refugees in Sweden is our first example. We can see a restrictive reception of refugees, Sweden did not want to receive refugees who could not prove that they could vouch for their sustentation. Refugees were generally considered as very onerous on the economics and the struggle which the fugitively endured from the Nazi regime was minimized by the Swedish government, who also wanted to be able to see in the passport which refugees was Jews and this meant that it was even harder for them to pass the borders. This restrictive legislation was abandoned when Denmark and Norway was occupied and Sweden saw it as a duty to offer shelter for these refugees. The result was a lightened legislation which made it easier for all refugees to be allowed into Sweden.
Racial biology was considered as a normal science, it acquired its’ own institute and received economic support from the government. Certain races superiority over other races was considered self-evident, just as specific cultural groups’ tendencies to commit crimes. There was also a fear for what could happen if one did not stop people with severe mental or physical disorders to breed. Particularly the mental disorders used vague terms as amentia [sinnesslöhet] which was established after an evaluation which a large quantity of people could be categorized into. The consequences for this was the two laws of involuntary sterilization from 1934 and 1941 respectively, and also the castrationlaw from 1944. Voluntarism was held as the main principle, but in practice the element of constraint was substantial.
When discussing the freedom of the press in Sweden at this period we discover a clear influence from Germany. The Nazi regime had constant correspondence with the Swedish government, and wanted it to work to cease the criticism against Germany that was being held in Swedish press. Several tries was made by the government through prosecution of liberty of the press cases, transportation prohibition and seizure. All of these methods failed and the tries were generally seen as big failures both because they lacked in result and more importantly because it was a betrayal from the state towards the freedom of the press. The consequence was a new freedom of the press act in 1949 which ensured far-reaching freedoms.
It is difficult to exactly point out which legislation patterns that links to the Nazi regime in Germany and which patterns is derived from the general folkway at this period. That Germany was an important actor and powerful influence for Sweden however is not in question. A lot of Sweden’s will to act in line with Germany and the Nazi Regime can be derived to the fear in Sweden to be dragged into the war, a fear that grew worse the closer the battles came. A general cultural alignment with Germany could probably also has been a factor. In conclusion we shall not forget that Sweden changed their alignment towards Germany sometime during 1943 when the war turned towards the allies’ favor, and the stories about how the Nazi regime treated the people in our neighboring countries reached Sweden, and also received the increased knowledge about the holocaust and about the conditions in the concentration camps. Sweden eased its aggressive involuntary sterilization, opened its borders and regretted its restrictive stance towards the freedom of the press. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ek, Johannes LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20142
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
andra världskriget, rättshistoria, nationalsocialism
language
Swedish
id
4905280
date added to LUP
2015-01-27 17:53:28
date last changed
2015-01-27 17:53:28
@misc{4905280,
  abstract     = {{This essay is about how the Swedish legislation was influenced by the development of the National Socialism in Germany during the years 1920 – 1945. The essay will take on a historical development perspective and is divided into two parts. The first part gives a general background and highlights the Nazi voices in the Swedish politics at this current period and defines the concept of Nazism. The second part discusses three legal areas and point out how these mirror the concept of Nazism which existed in Swedish politics.
The National Socialism in Gemany grew forward during the 1920: s, but this was not the start of the concept of racism and totalitarianism. These thoughts have existed for much longer than that. Germany however was an important power in many areas and Sweden collected much inspiration from them, not to mention culturally, so that some of Germany’s legislation should appear in Swedish law was inevitable.
The concept of Nazism is foremost defined as racism in the shape of one’s race superiority over another, but also through the purity of one’s race, which should be protected from human defects, as disability and mental unhealthiness. The terms totalitarianism, the state as an organism craving for war, and the hatred for communism and the general left political flank is commonly heard among national socialists.
There were many National Socialist parties in Sweden during this period and they all had more or less contact with their German counterparts. These parties never accumulated any real power, at least not on a parliamentary level. Instead it was the social democratic government and the right opposition who stood for the Nazi friendly features in Swedish politics.
The reception of refugees in Sweden is our first example. We can see a restrictive reception of refugees, Sweden did not want to receive refugees who could not prove that they could vouch for their sustentation. Refugees were generally considered as very onerous on the economics and the struggle which the fugitively endured from the Nazi regime was minimized by the Swedish government, who also wanted to be able to see in the passport which refugees was Jews and this meant that it was even harder for them to pass the borders. This restrictive legislation was abandoned when Denmark and Norway was occupied and Sweden saw it as a duty to offer shelter for these refugees. The result was a lightened legislation which made it easier for all refugees to be allowed into Sweden. 
Racial biology was considered as a normal science, it acquired its’ own institute and received economic support from the government. Certain races superiority over other races was considered self-evident, just as specific cultural groups’ tendencies to commit crimes. There was also a fear for what could happen if one did not stop people with severe mental or physical disorders to breed. Particularly the mental disorders used vague terms as amentia [sinnesslöhet] which was established after an evaluation which a large quantity of people could be categorized into. The consequences for this was the two laws of involuntary sterilization from 1934 and 1941 respectively, and also the castrationlaw from 1944. Voluntarism was held as the main principle, but in practice the element of constraint was substantial. 
When discussing the freedom of the press in Sweden at this period we discover a clear influence from Germany. The Nazi regime had constant correspondence with the Swedish government, and wanted it to work to cease the criticism against Germany that was being held in Swedish press. Several tries was made by the government through prosecution of liberty of the press cases, transportation prohibition and seizure. All of these methods failed and the tries were generally seen as big failures both because they lacked in result and more importantly because it was a betrayal from the state towards the freedom of the press. The consequence was a new freedom of the press act in 1949 which ensured far-reaching freedoms.
It is difficult to exactly point out which legislation patterns that links to the Nazi regime in Germany and which patterns is derived from the general folkway at this period. That Germany was an important actor and powerful influence for Sweden however is not in question. A lot of Sweden’s will to act in line with Germany and the Nazi Regime can be derived to the fear in Sweden to be dragged into the war, a fear that grew worse the closer the battles came. A general cultural alignment with Germany could probably also has been a factor. In conclusion we shall not forget that Sweden changed their alignment towards Germany sometime during 1943 when the war turned towards the allies’ favor, and the stories about how the Nazi regime treated the people in our neighboring countries reached Sweden, and also received the increased knowledge about the holocaust and about the conditions in the concentration camps. Sweden eased its aggressive involuntary sterilization, opened its borders and regretted its restrictive stance towards the freedom of the press.}},
  author       = {{Ek, Johannes}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Nazism i demokratins högborg - Nazismens påverkan på svensk juridik under perioden 1920-1945}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}