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Otillåtet tal: Hets mot folkgrupp som en inskränkning av yttrandefriheten – i Sverige och USA

Kuz, Patricia LU (2014) LAGF03 20142
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka förhållandet mellan yttrandefrihet och bestämmelsen om hets mot folkgrupp i svensk rätt, för att därefter jämföra hur rättsläget inom detta område ser ut i USA. Yttrandefrihetens förhållande till hets mot folkgrupp är något som har berörts i förarbeten till straffbestämmelsen, dock kvarstår det en viss problematik för när det ena intresset anses väga tyngre än det andra. Samtidigt som bestämmelsen existerar i sin ursprungliga form har samhällsdebatten tagit an nya uttrycksformer.

Vid en undersökning av bestämmelsernas förhållande i svensk rätt är det av intresse att jämföra rättsläget på området i USA. I USA har frågan reglerats på annat vis, yttrandefriheten är likt Sverige grundlagsskyddad. Detta... (More)
Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka förhållandet mellan yttrandefrihet och bestämmelsen om hets mot folkgrupp i svensk rätt, för att därefter jämföra hur rättsläget inom detta område ser ut i USA. Yttrandefrihetens förhållande till hets mot folkgrupp är något som har berörts i förarbeten till straffbestämmelsen, dock kvarstår det en viss problematik för när det ena intresset anses väga tyngre än det andra. Samtidigt som bestämmelsen existerar i sin ursprungliga form har samhällsdebatten tagit an nya uttrycksformer.

Vid en undersökning av bestämmelsernas förhållande i svensk rätt är det av intresse att jämföra rättsläget på området i USA. I USA har frågan reglerats på annat vis, yttrandefriheten är likt Sverige grundlagsskyddad. Detta genom första tillägget till konstitutionen, ett skydd som dock är avsevärt vidare. Emellertid saknas straffbestämmelsen om hets mot folkgrupp men en motsvarighet till bestämmelsen kan finnas inom ramen för begreppet ”hate speech”. Då yttrandefriheten inskränks i båda fallen för straffbestämmelsen utreds de argumenten på vilka dessa görs och när ett yttrande kan anses falla utanför skyddet.

För svensk vidkommande fordras det inte att yttrandet uppnår till förtal eller förolämpning men det ska samtidigt ha överskridit gränsen för en saklig och vederhäftig diskussion. Det krävs en bedömning av både sammanhang och samlade omständigheter. Därmed blir det oklart för när hets mot folkgrupp anses föreligga vilket tydligt syns i praxis. Vidare krävs det en mer restriktiv tillämpning av bestämmelsen för överensstämmelse med Europakonventionens skydd av yttrandefriheten. Högsta domstolen faller därför tillbaka på Europadomstolens praxis och dess krav på när ett uttalande enligt dem utgör ”hate speech” för att kunna inskränka yttrandefriheten.

Yttrandet måste enligt amerikansk rätt nå upp till hot eller förolämpningar som sannerligen kan urarta i våld samt som samtidigt inte utgör ett uttalande av offentligt intresse för att kunna påföras straffansvar, en tröskel som är mycket högre än missaktningsrekvisitet existerande i svensk rätt.

Vid en jämförelse av hur yttrandefriheten har reglerats i förhållande till bestämmelsen om hets mot folkgrupp i Sverige och USA, kan det konstateras att länderna uppvisar formella olikheter men att rättsläget trots detta är jämförbart. Båda länderna uppvisar dock en gränsdragningsproblematik. Varken Högsta domstolen eller U.S. Supreme Court har kunnat klarlägga vart gränsen för när ett yttrande ska vara skyddat och när det ska påföras straffansvar. (Less)
Abstract
The main purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationship between freedom of speech and the regulation on a crime of racially motivated hate (in Sweden named hets mot folkgrupp found in Chapter 16 Section 8 of the Swedish Penal Code), thereafter in a comparison to the legal position of the issue in America. The foundation of the Swedish legislation of the crime is found in the Swedish Penal Code. The Swedish constitution as well as the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) primarily regulates freedom of speech. The correlation has been touched by the legislative history of the crime, however one problem still remains on which interest should outweigh the other.

The legal position in America is... (More)
The main purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationship between freedom of speech and the regulation on a crime of racially motivated hate (in Sweden named hets mot folkgrupp found in Chapter 16 Section 8 of the Swedish Penal Code), thereafter in a comparison to the legal position of the issue in America. The foundation of the Swedish legislation of the crime is found in the Swedish Penal Code. The Swedish constitution as well as the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) primarily regulates freedom of speech. The correlation has been touched by the legislative history of the crime, however one problem still remains on which interest should outweigh the other.

The legal position in America is regulated rather different; similar to Sweden freedom of speech holds its protection by the constitution, which is found in the First Amendment. The difference is however being that the width of the protection is much greater. The regulation on the offence is however different, but an equivalent may be found in the concept that lies within the expression “hate speech”.

In order to determine whether a statement can be held punishable by Swedish law it is not required that it reaches the level of libel or defamation but it must however exceed the border of pertinent and responsible debate. The Court must independently examine both the context of the speech as well as the circumstances as revealed by the whole record. From the precedent on the field it is clearly shown that it still remains uncertain on where the exact line is drawn. For the regulation to correspond with the protection in the ECHR and the fundamental freedoms it requires a more restrictive adjudication. Thereby has the Supreme Court of Sweden in several cases relied on the established case law from the European Court of Human Rights on when a speech, according to them constitutes “hate speech” in order to restrict the freedom of speech.

The Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment can serve as a defense in state tort suits. But whether the First Amendment prohibits liability depends on if the speech can be considered as “hate speech”. It is required that it is a statement that arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others on the basis of race, color, religion, sexual orientation or gender, nor can it relate to an issue of public concern. Which is a limit much higher than the necessary prerequisite existing in Swedish law.

In a comparison of how freedom of expression is regulated in relation to hate speech in Sweden and the US, one can see that the countries formally show differences but that the legal position is despite this, comparable and show similarities. Since there is no universally accepted definition of the crime in case law, both countries however show similar problems. Neither the Supreme Court of Sweden nor the U.S. Supreme Court has been able to clarify and explain where the line is drawn on when an opinion is protected and when it should be imposed criminal liability. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Kuz, Patricia LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20142
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
criminal law, straffrätt, comparative law, komparativ rätt, EU-rätt, EU law, amerikansk rätt, American Law
language
Swedish
id
4925017
date added to LUP
2015-01-29 16:34:08
date last changed
2015-01-29 16:34:08
@misc{4925017,
  abstract     = {{The main purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationship between freedom of speech and the regulation on a crime of racially motivated hate (in Sweden named hets mot folkgrupp found in Chapter 16 Section 8 of the Swedish Penal Code), thereafter in a comparison to the legal position of the issue in America. The foundation of the Swedish legislation of the crime is found in the Swedish Penal Code. The Swedish constitution as well as the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) primarily regulates freedom of speech. The correlation has been touched by the legislative history of the crime, however one problem still remains on which interest should outweigh the other. 

The legal position in America is regulated rather different; similar to Sweden freedom of speech holds its protection by the constitution, which is found in the First Amendment. The difference is however being that the width of the protection is much greater. The regulation on the offence is however different, but an equivalent may be found in the concept that lies within the expression “hate speech”. 

In order to determine whether a statement can be held punishable by Swedish law it is not required that it reaches the level of libel or defamation but it must however exceed the border of pertinent and responsible debate. The Court must independently examine both the context of the speech as well as the circumstances as revealed by the whole record. From the precedent on the field it is clearly shown that it still remains uncertain on where the exact line is drawn. For the regulation to correspond with the protection in the ECHR and the fundamental freedoms it requires a more restrictive adjudication. Thereby has the Supreme Court of Sweden in several cases relied on the established case law from the European Court of Human Rights on when a speech, according to them constitutes “hate speech” in order to restrict the freedom of speech. 

The Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment can serve as a defense in state tort suits. But whether the First Amendment prohibits liability depends on if the speech can be considered as “hate speech”. It is required that it is a statement that arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others on the basis of race, color, religion, sexual orientation or gender, nor can it relate to an issue of public concern. Which is a limit much higher than the necessary prerequisite existing in Swedish law.

In a comparison of how freedom of expression is regulated in relation to hate speech in Sweden and the US, one can see that the countries formally show differences but that the legal position is despite this, comparable and show similarities. Since there is no universally accepted definition of the crime in case law, both countries however show similar problems. Neither the Supreme Court of Sweden nor the U.S. Supreme Court has been able to clarify and explain where the line is drawn on when an opinion is protected and when it should be imposed criminal liability.}},
  author       = {{Kuz, Patricia}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Otillåtet tal: Hets mot folkgrupp som en inskränkning av yttrandefriheten – i Sverige och USA}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}