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Inkomstallokering mellan fåmansföretag och ägare – en analys av ägarens personliga arbetsinsatser

Andersson, Emil LU (2017) JURM02 20172
Faculty of Law
Department of Law
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyse and problematise established law on allocation of income between close companies and shareholders in light of HFD 2017 ref. 8 and HFD 2017 ref. 41.

Analysed case law regarding business activities carried out by a private limited company show that it is possible to a large extent for shareholders of close companies to allocate income to their company with fiscal effect, thus benefiting from the special regulation for shareholders of close companies, the so-called 3:12-rules.

The outcome of HFD 2017 ref. 8 indicates that it seems possible to circumvent the four percent equity requirement that was introduced in 2014 to apply the wage-based dividend allowance under the 3:12-rules. In HFD 2017 ref.... (More)
The purpose of this study is to analyse and problematise established law on allocation of income between close companies and shareholders in light of HFD 2017 ref. 8 and HFD 2017 ref. 41.

Analysed case law regarding business activities carried out by a private limited company show that it is possible to a large extent for shareholders of close companies to allocate income to their company with fiscal effect, thus benefiting from the special regulation for shareholders of close companies, the so-called 3:12-rules.

The outcome of HFD 2017 ref. 8 indicates that it seems possible to circumvent the four percent equity requirement that was introduced in 2014 to apply the wage-based dividend allowance under the 3:12-rules. In HFD 2017 ref. 41 the Supreme Administrative Court clarified that the legislative change that occurred in 2009 regarding the concept of business activity in Chapter 13, section 1 of the Income Tax Act (1999:1229) did not affect how board fees should be taxed.

My assessment in light of HFD 2017 ref. 8 and HFD 2017 ref. 41 is that the starting point for the Supreme Administrative Court regarding allocation of income between close companies and shareholders is an examination based on an overall assessment of all the circumstances. In my opinion, the analysed case law demonstrate that the Supreme Administrative Court seems to attach significant importance to formal criteria in its assessment, such as that the company formally acts as a contractor and that a member of the board of directors may only be a physical person by law (cf. HFD 2017 ref. 41). In cases where the company appears to be the formally correct contractor, and the matter is not concerning board fees, the outcome seems to be governed by the independence assessment imposed under the concept of business activity in Chapter 13, section 1 of the Income Tax Act (1999:1229). In my opinion, it is uncertain whether the significance of the number of employees is a factor equal other factors in the context of the independence assessment or if the number of employees is an isolated criterion with direct influence on the allocation of income (cf. HFD 2017 ref. 8). From my point of view it also seems uncertain, in light of the Tax Avoidance Act (1995:575), whether the Supreme Administrative Court's previous statements concerning the attainment of tax benefits have any bearing on an up to date assessment. Personally, I am more inclined to argue that the Supreme Administrative Court's statements concerning the attainment of tax benefits have been superseded by the Tax Avoidance Act (1995:575). (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Syftet med undersökningen är att analysera och problematisera gällande rätt avseende inkomstallokering mellan fåmansföretag och ägare i ljuset av HFD 2017 ref. 8 och HFD 2017 ref. 41.

Analyserad rättspraxis i fråga om verksamhet som bedrivs genom eget aktiebolag visar att det i stor utsträckning är möjligt för ägare till fåmansföretag att med skatterättslig verkan allokera inkomster till sitt bolag och således komma i åtnjutande av det särskilda regelverket för ägare till fåmansföretag, de s.k. 3:12-reglerna.

Utfallet i HFD 2017 ref. 8 ger vid handen att det synes vara möjligt att kringgå det kapitalandelskrav om fyra procent som infördes år 2014 för att tillämpa bestämmelserna om löneunderlag inom ramen för 3:12-reglerna. I HFD 2017... (More)
Syftet med undersökningen är att analysera och problematisera gällande rätt avseende inkomstallokering mellan fåmansföretag och ägare i ljuset av HFD 2017 ref. 8 och HFD 2017 ref. 41.

Analyserad rättspraxis i fråga om verksamhet som bedrivs genom eget aktiebolag visar att det i stor utsträckning är möjligt för ägare till fåmansföretag att med skatterättslig verkan allokera inkomster till sitt bolag och således komma i åtnjutande av det särskilda regelverket för ägare till fåmansföretag, de s.k. 3:12-reglerna.

Utfallet i HFD 2017 ref. 8 ger vid handen att det synes vara möjligt att kringgå det kapitalandelskrav om fyra procent som infördes år 2014 för att tillämpa bestämmelserna om löneunderlag inom ramen för 3:12-reglerna. I HFD 2017 ref. 41 klargjorde Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen att den lagändring som skett år 2009 beträffande näringsverksamhetsbegreppet i 13 kap. 1 § inkomstskattelagen (1999:1229) inte påverkat hur styrelsearvode ska beskattas.

Min bedömning i ljuset av HFD 2017 ref. 8 och HFD 2017 ref. 41 är att utgångspunkten för Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen i fråga om inkomstallokering mellan fåmansföretag och ägare är en prövning utifrån en helhetsbedömning av samtliga omständigheter. Enligt min mening visar analyserad rättspraxis på att Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen synes fästa betydande vikt vid formella kriterier i sin bedömning, t.ex. att bolaget formellt sett uppträder som uppdragstagare och att uppdraget som styrelseledamot enligt lag endast kan innehas av en fysisk person (jfr HFD 2017 ref. 41). I de fall bolaget framstår som formellt korrekt uppdragstagare, och fråga inte är om styrelsearvode, synes utgången i målen styras av den självständighetsbedömning som uppställs inom ramen för näringsverksamhetsbegreppet i 13 kap. 1 § inkomstskattelagen (1999:1229). Enligt min åsikt är det oklart huruvida betydelsen av antalet anställda är en faktor jämställt övriga faktorer inom ramen för självständighetsbedömningen eller om antalet anställda är ett isolerat rekvisit med direkt påverkan på inkomstallokeringen (jfr HFD 2017 ref. 8). Enligt min mening förefaller det i ljuset av lagen (1995:575) mot skatteflykt även vara oklart huruvida Högsta förvaltningsdomstolens äldre uttalanden om uppnående av skatteförmåner har någon bäring vid en dagsaktuell prövning. Personligen är jag mer benägen att se Högsta förvaltningsdomstolens uttalanden om uppnående av skatteförmåner som överspelade till förmån för lagen (1995:575) mot skatteflykt. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Andersson, Emil LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Allocation of income between close companies and shareholders – an analysis of the shareholder’s personal work efforts
course
JURM02 20172
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skatterätt, Inkomstallokering, Fåmansföretag, 3:12-reglerna
language
Swedish
id
8930716
date added to LUP
2018-01-25 14:21:03
date last changed
2018-01-25 14:21:03
@misc{8930716,
  abstract     = {{The purpose of this study is to analyse and problematise established law on allocation of income between close companies and shareholders in light of HFD 2017 ref. 8 and HFD 2017 ref. 41.

Analysed case law regarding business activities carried out by a private limited company show that it is possible to a large extent for shareholders of close companies to allocate income to their company with fiscal effect, thus benefiting from the special regulation for shareholders of close companies, the so-called 3:12-rules.

The outcome of HFD 2017 ref. 8 indicates that it seems possible to circumvent the four percent equity requirement that was introduced in 2014 to apply the wage-based dividend allowance under the 3:12-rules. In HFD 2017 ref. 41 the Supreme Administrative Court clarified that the legislative change that occurred in 2009 regarding the concept of business activity in Chapter 13, section 1 of the Income Tax Act (1999:1229) did not affect how board fees should be taxed.

My assessment in light of HFD 2017 ref. 8 and HFD 2017 ref. 41 is that the starting point for the Supreme Administrative Court regarding allocation of income between close companies and shareholders is an examination based on an overall assessment of all the circumstances. In my opinion, the analysed case law demonstrate that the Supreme Administrative Court seems to attach significant importance to formal criteria in its assessment, such as that the company formally acts as a contractor and that a member of the board of directors may only be a physical person by law (cf. HFD 2017 ref. 41). In cases where the company appears to be the formally correct contractor, and the matter is not concerning board fees, the outcome seems to be governed by the independence assessment imposed under the concept of business activity in Chapter 13, section 1 of the Income Tax Act (1999:1229). In my opinion, it is uncertain whether the significance of the number of employees is a factor equal other factors in the context of the independence assessment or if the number of employees is an isolated criterion with direct influence on the allocation of income (cf. HFD 2017 ref. 8). From my point of view it also seems uncertain, in light of the Tax Avoidance Act (1995:575), whether the Supreme Administrative Court's previous statements concerning the attainment of tax benefits have any bearing on an up to date assessment. Personally, I am more inclined to argue that the Supreme Administrative Court's statements concerning the attainment of tax benefits have been superseded by the Tax Avoidance Act (1995:575).}},
  author       = {{Andersson, Emil}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Inkomstallokering mellan fåmansföretag och ägare – en analys av ägarens personliga arbetsinsatser}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}