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Hur påverkas avtalsmekanismen av digitaliseringen? - Särskilt om artificiell intelligens

Gusic, Haris LU (2018) JURM02 20181
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the ways that the Swedish Contracts Act on the formation of contracts is affected by the increasing digitalization in our society. The study also aims to investigate how the increased use of AI, which in some ways is closely correlated to digitalization, effects the formation on contracts. The Swedish Contracts Act has long been critiqued for being old and ineffective and the study analyses this critique alongside recent cases relating to digitalization and contract law. A traditional legal
method has been used to achieve the purpose of the study. This means that
the sources of law used are generally accepted and include, legal text,
legislative history, case law and jurisprudence. Since the... (More)
The purpose of this study is to investigate the ways that the Swedish Contracts Act on the formation of contracts is affected by the increasing digitalization in our society. The study also aims to investigate how the increased use of AI, which in some ways is closely correlated to digitalization, effects the formation on contracts. The Swedish Contracts Act has long been critiqued for being old and ineffective and the study analyses this critique alongside recent cases relating to digitalization and contract law. A traditional legal
method has been used to achieve the purpose of the study. This means that
the sources of law used are generally accepted and include, legal text,
legislative history, case law and jurisprudence. Since the study focuses on the formation of contracts the first chapter of AvtL and its legal text and legislative history have been the most important sources of law. Since the study also aims to analyse recent cases in the Supreme Court, case law has also been an important source. The concept of law and AI is still quite under researched in Sweden which has made jurisprudence from other countries has been a valuable source of information in regards to the concept of law and AI. Regarding digitalization several government inquiries have been valuable
sources of information.

The conclusion of the study is that digitalization has and will continue to have an increasing role on today’s society. This development has led to new methods to form contracts and it is likely that even more methods will develop in the future. The critique against the Swedish Contracts Act has dissipated during the last few years since some of the worries have been shown to be unfounded. Increasing digitalization has led to several cases being tried in the Supreme Court that had a direct or indirect connection to the formation of contracts. The cases have shown that the Supreme Court is willing to make ambitious analogical comparisons between current methods on the formation of contracts to be able to apply the same principles on new methods on the formation of contracts. The cases have also shown that the Supreme Court believes that laws should be neutral technology wise. This means that even if
a law was formed a long time ago, before electronic ways of forming contracts were available, it should apply to a new, electronic way of forming a contract. The protection that the law is supposed to offer needs to be fulfilled by the new electronic method of forming a contract however. The cases have also shown that the Supreme Courts lack of knowledge in about digitalization and new technology could be problematic.

The study has further concluded that the use of AI will increase in the future but also that the AI that is used today has not yet brought all the problematic questions in regards to contract law and AI to a head yet. It has been concluded, however, that if this happens, the use of AI will bring about several problems regarding the formation of contracts in the Swedish contracts act. Will and intent have long been aspects of contract law only applicable to humans but there is support for them to be applied to AI as well when a certain degree of technological advancement has been made in regards to AI. AI as a legal subject has been discussed and it can be concluded that there is widespread support that several problems would be solved if AI was to become a legal entity. Comparing AI to humans is a radical and in the view of many an inappropriate comparison. Applying attributes that have long been considered human would entail a much more ambitious analogical comparison then anything in the Supreme Court tried in the cases in this study. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur avtalsmekanismen I AvtL påverkas av den ökande digitaliseringen i samhället. Uppsatsen avser även att undersöka hur den ökade användningen av AI, som på vissa sätt har en nära koppling till digitaliseringen, påverkar avtalsmekanismen. AvtL har länge kritiserats för att vara gammal och ineffektiv men på senare år har mer positiva ståndpunkter yttrats. Uppsatsen syftar till att analysera dessa ståndpunkter i samband med nya rättsfall från HD avseende digitaliseringen och AvtL.

Uppsatsen har använt sig av den rättsdogmatiska metoden. De rättskällor som använts är lagtext, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin. Framförallt 1 kap AvtL med tillhörande förarbete har utgjort en viktig källa. Även praxis från... (More)
Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur avtalsmekanismen I AvtL påverkas av den ökande digitaliseringen i samhället. Uppsatsen avser även att undersöka hur den ökade användningen av AI, som på vissa sätt har en nära koppling till digitaliseringen, påverkar avtalsmekanismen. AvtL har länge kritiserats för att vara gammal och ineffektiv men på senare år har mer positiva ståndpunkter yttrats. Uppsatsen syftar till att analysera dessa ståndpunkter i samband med nya rättsfall från HD avseende digitaliseringen och AvtL.

Uppsatsen har använt sig av den rättsdogmatiska metoden. De rättskällor som använts är lagtext, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin. Framförallt 1 kap AvtL med tillhörande förarbete har utgjort en viktig källa. Även praxis från HD har utgjort en viktig rättskälla då uppsatsen har analyserat flertalet rättsfall. Vad avser AI har relevanta källor främst hittats i utländsk doktrin. Statliga utredningar har använts för att belysa digitaliseringens utökade roll i samhället.

Det har i uppsatsen konstaterats att digitaliseringen intar och kommer fortsätta inta en betydande roll i samhället. Denna utveckling har lett till att nya metoder för att sluta avtal har uppkommit och att fler metoder lär uppkomma i framtiden. Kritiken som framförts mot AvtL under tidigare år har avtagit då det visat sig att oron till viss del var obefogad. Digitaliseringen har lett till att flera rättsfall tagits upp i HD som antingen har en direkt eller indirekt koppling till avtalsmekanismen. Rättsfallen har visat att HD är beredda att göra långtgående analogiska tolkningar av nuvarande metoder för avtalsslut
för att kunna tillämpa bestämmelserna på nya metoder för avtalsslut.
Rättsfallen har även visat att domstolen anser att en lag ska vara teknikneutral så länge lagens skyddsändamål uppfylls. Rättsfallen har också visat att en brist på kunskap hos domstolarna gällande digitaliseringen och ny teknik kan vara skadlig.

Det har i uppsatsen konstaterats att användningen av AI kommer att öka i
framtiden men även att dagens AI inte satt vissa avtalsrättsliga frågor
kopplade till avtalsmekanismen på sin spets ännu. Det har dock konstaterats att om en fortsatt teknisk utveckling av AI sker kommer ett användningen av AI medföra problem med centrala delar av avtalsmekanismen. Viljan och viljeförklaringar har tidigare varit något som enbart diskuterats i samband med människor men stöd finns för att dessa koncept även ska kunna appliceras på AI i framtiden om utvecklingen av AI fortsätter. Huruvida AI ska utgöra ett rättsubjekt är en fråga som i framtiden kommer bli av relevans och möjligen är detta svaret på vissa av problem kopplade till huruvida en AI kan anses ha en vilja eller om det enbart människans vilja som beaktas. Det har även konstaterats att vissa av reglerna inom avtalsmekanismen blir svåra att tillämpa om en AI är iblandad i ett avtalsslut istället för en människa. Att jämföra AI med människor utgör en radikal och i mångas ögon en olämplig jämförelse. Att tillämpa attribut som tidigare varit reserverade för människor på AI utgör en betydligt mer långtgående analogisk tillämpning än något som HD behövt ta ställning till i de fallen som uppsatsen behandlat. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Gusic, Haris LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
How is the formation of contracts affected by digitalization? - Particularly about artificial intelligence
course
JURM02 20181
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Avtalsrätt
language
Swedish
id
8941570
date added to LUP
2018-06-19 12:42:25
date last changed
2018-06-19 12:42:25
@misc{8941570,
  abstract     = {{The purpose of this study is to investigate the ways that the Swedish Contracts Act on the formation of contracts is affected by the increasing digitalization in our society. The study also aims to investigate how the increased use of AI, which in some ways is closely correlated to digitalization, effects the formation on contracts. The Swedish Contracts Act has long been critiqued for being old and ineffective and the study analyses this critique alongside recent cases relating to digitalization and contract law. A traditional legal
method has been used to achieve the purpose of the study. This means that
the sources of law used are generally accepted and include, legal text,
legislative history, case law and jurisprudence. Since the study focuses on the formation of contracts the first chapter of AvtL and its legal text and legislative history have been the most important sources of law. Since the study also aims to analyse recent cases in the Supreme Court, case law has also been an important source. The concept of law and AI is still quite under researched in Sweden which has made jurisprudence from other countries has been a valuable source of information in regards to the concept of law and AI. Regarding digitalization several government inquiries have been valuable
sources of information.

The conclusion of the study is that digitalization has and will continue to have an increasing role on today’s society. This development has led to new methods to form contracts and it is likely that even more methods will develop in the future. The critique against the Swedish Contracts Act has dissipated during the last few years since some of the worries have been shown to be unfounded. Increasing digitalization has led to several cases being tried in the Supreme Court that had a direct or indirect connection to the formation of contracts. The cases have shown that the Supreme Court is willing to make ambitious analogical comparisons between current methods on the formation of contracts to be able to apply the same principles on new methods on the formation of contracts. The cases have also shown that the Supreme Court believes that laws should be neutral technology wise. This means that even if
a law was formed a long time ago, before electronic ways of forming contracts were available, it should apply to a new, electronic way of forming a contract. The protection that the law is supposed to offer needs to be fulfilled by the new electronic method of forming a contract however. The cases have also shown that the Supreme Courts lack of knowledge in about digitalization and new technology could be problematic.

The study has further concluded that the use of AI will increase in the future but also that the AI that is used today has not yet brought all the problematic questions in regards to contract law and AI to a head yet. It has been concluded, however, that if this happens, the use of AI will bring about several problems regarding the formation of contracts in the Swedish contracts act. Will and intent have long been aspects of contract law only applicable to humans but there is support for them to be applied to AI as well when a certain degree of technological advancement has been made in regards to AI. AI as a legal subject has been discussed and it can be concluded that there is widespread support that several problems would be solved if AI was to become a legal entity. Comparing AI to humans is a radical and in the view of many an inappropriate comparison. Applying attributes that have long been considered human would entail a much more ambitious analogical comparison then anything in the Supreme Court tried in the cases in this study.}},
  author       = {{Gusic, Haris}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Hur påverkas avtalsmekanismen av digitaliseringen? - Särskilt om artificiell intelligens}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}