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Konkurrensrättsliga frågor vid varumärkeslicensiering - särskilt om icke-angreppsklausuler respektive art. 21 i TRIPS-avtalet

Virdeborn, Clara LU (2018) JURM02 20181
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Det EU-rättsliga samarbetet bygger på en väl fungerande inre marknad. Härvid spelar den konkurrensrättsliga regleringen en betydande roll. Frågan om immaterialrättens förhållande till konkurrensrätten har länge varit omdebatterad. Dagens rättsläge utgår från att de båda regleringarna kompletterar varandra och verkar för ett gemensamt mål. Detta gemensamma mål består i att främja konkurrensen på marknaden och samtidigt verka för att skydda konsumenterna.

En innehavare av ett varumärke kan som utgångspunkt fritt disponera över sin rättighet. Således kan en varumärkesinnehavare genom ett licensavtal upplåta rätten att använda varumärket till andra aktörer på marknaden. Eftersom licensieringsprocessen är riskfylld förses licensavtalet med... (More)
Det EU-rättsliga samarbetet bygger på en väl fungerande inre marknad. Härvid spelar den konkurrensrättsliga regleringen en betydande roll. Frågan om immaterialrättens förhållande till konkurrensrätten har länge varit omdebatterad. Dagens rättsläge utgår från att de båda regleringarna kompletterar varandra och verkar för ett gemensamt mål. Detta gemensamma mål består i att främja konkurrensen på marknaden och samtidigt verka för att skydda konsumenterna.

En innehavare av ett varumärke kan som utgångspunkt fritt disponera över sin rättighet. Således kan en varumärkesinnehavare genom ett licensavtal upplåta rätten att använda varumärket till andra aktörer på marknaden. Eftersom licensieringsprocessen är riskfylld förses licensavtalet med diverse klausuler som skyddar licensgivaren från angrepp på varumärket. Ett exempel på en sådan klausul är icke-angreppsklausulen, som förbjuder licenstagaren att angripa giltigheten av det licensierade varumärket. Konkurrensrätten uppställer emellertid vissa begränsningar av varumärkesinnehavarens möjlighet att fritt utforma ett sådant licensavtal.

Icke-angreppsklausuler har varit föremål för prövning av såväl Kommissionen som EU-domstolen och har i vissa fall bedömts konkurrensstridiga enligt förbudet mot konkurrensbegränsande avtal i art. 101.1 FEUF. Exempel på faktorer som beaktats vid en konkurrensrättslig bedömning av icke-angreppsklausuler är klausulens giltighetstid, licensgivarens ställning på marknaden och i vilken grad det licensierade varumärket faktiskt används av licensgivaren. Icke-angreppsklausuler har i praxis bedömts giltiga under förutsättning att klausulen är begränsad till en viss tidsperiod och att licensgivaren inte innehar en monopolliknande ställning på marknaden som försvårar för konkurrenter att etablera sig. Icke-angreppsklausuler avseende varumärken som inte används har inte kunnat rättfärdigas.

En varumärkesinnehavares frihet att förfoga över sitt varumärke innebär också en rätt att avstå från att ingå licensavtal. Den 1 januari 1995 trädde TRIPS-avtalet i kraft, till vilket såväl EU som dess medlemsstater är anslutna. Avtalets art. 21 stadgar ett förbud mot tvångslicensiering av varumärken. Motivet att förbjuda sådan tvångslicensiering har varit att licensiering av varumärken i vissa fall har ansetts bidra till att den s.k. ursprungsangivelsefunktionen skadas. Ursprungsangivelsefunktionen har ansetts utgöra varumärkets grundläggande funktion, och syftar till att alla varor som bär samma kännetecken ska utpeka ett gemensamt ursprung. Licensiering av varumärken utmanar ursprungsangivelsefunktionen, genom att försvaga den materiella förbindelsen mellan produktion och varumärkesanvändning. I dagens varumärkesrätt har emellertid varumärkets funktion utvidgats. Den omfattar nu även andra funktioner, som t.ex. investeringsfunktionen och konkurrensfunktionen.

Förbudet mot tvångslicensiering av varumärken har debatterats i doktrin. Riis och Schovsbo menar att i och med att varumärkets funktion utvidgats, har den traditionella grunden för att avvisa tvångslicensiering eroderats. Författarna menar att varumärken, likt patent och upphovsrätter, borde kunna bli föremål för tvångslicensiering om rättighetsinnehavaren annars riskerar att missbruka sin dominerande ställning.

Min mening är dock att tvångslicensiering av varumärken är svårt att motivera med hänsyn till det förbud mot inskränkningar i egendomsskyddet som föreskrivs i art. 1 i första tilläggsprotokollet till EKMR. En inskränkning av egendomsskyddet, som också omfattar immateriella rättigheter, ska vara proportionerlig och nödvändig ur ett allmänintresse.

Förevarande uppsats belyser de konkurrensrättsliga aspekterna av icke-angreppsklausuler i varumärkeslicensavtal. Vidare diskuteras huruvida förbudet mot tvångslicensiering av varumärken kan motiveras med hänsyn till dagens varumärkesrätt. (Less)
Abstract
The legal framework of the European Union is based on a well-functioning single market. In this respect, competition law plays a significant role. Competition law vis-à-vis Intellectual property law has long been highly debated and the prevailing view is that the two areas of law have a common goal and complement one another. The common goal is to promote competition in the single market, while at the same time protect the consumers.

As a general rule, a trade mark proprietor may freely dispose of his right. Thus, a proprietor may, through a license agreement, grant other operators in the market the right to use the trademark. As a licensing process is associated with a high risk, the licensor typically provides the license agreement... (More)
The legal framework of the European Union is based on a well-functioning single market. In this respect, competition law plays a significant role. Competition law vis-à-vis Intellectual property law has long been highly debated and the prevailing view is that the two areas of law have a common goal and complement one another. The common goal is to promote competition in the single market, while at the same time protect the consumers.

As a general rule, a trade mark proprietor may freely dispose of his right. Thus, a proprietor may, through a license agreement, grant other operators in the market the right to use the trademark. As a licensing process is associated with a high risk, the licensor typically provides the license agreement with various clauses protecting the licensor from any challenges to the trademark. An example of such a clause is the no-challenge clause, which prohibits the licensee from challenging the validity of the licensed trademark. However, competition law imposes certain restrictions on the proprietor’s ability to design such license agreements.

No-challenge clauses in trademark license agreements have been subject to review by both the European Commission and the European Court of Justice. In some cases, they have been deemed to be anti-competitive according to art. 101.1 TFEU. The courts have considered various key factors, including the term of validity of the no-challenge clause, the licensor’s position on the market and the extent to which the licensed trademark is in fact used by the licensor. No-challenge clauses have been considered valid, provided that the clause is limited to a certain period of time and that the licensor does not hold a quasi-monopoly situation on the market, which makes it difficult for competitors to establish and gain an adequate market share. No-challenge clauses have been deemed unjustified in cases where the trademarks have not been used by the licensor.

A trademark proprietor’s freedom to dispose of his right also means a right to refrain from entering into a license agreement. In 1995, the TRIPS agreement entered into force and both the EU and its Member States are bound by the agreement. Article 21 of the agreement imposes a prohibition on compulsory licensing of trademarks. The rationale behind prohibiting compulsory licensing is that such measures would impair on the so-called origin

function of the trademark. Insofar as third parties are granted the right to use someone else’s trademark, the mark would cease to indicate the origin function of the goods bearing the mark. Trademark licensing challenges the origin function of a trademark by diminishing the material link between production and the use of certain mark, being one of the cornerstones of a trademark. However, today it is generally agreed that trademark law protects not only the origin function but a wide range of other functions, including the investment function and the competitive function.

Article 21 of the TRIPS agreement has been subject to debate. Riis and Schovsbo argue that, as the function of a brand has expanded, the traditional basis for rejecting compulsory licensing of trademarks has been eroded. The authors argue that trademarks, like patents and copyrights, should be subject to compulsory licensing if the proprietor would otherwise risk abusing his dominant position.

However, in my opinion, compulsory licensing of a trademark is somewhat difficult to justify in light of the protection of property as provided for in article 1 of the first additional protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights. Restrictions on property rights, which also includes intellectual property rights, must be proportionate and necessary in the view of the public interest.

This paper highlights the competition law aspects of no-challenge clauses in trademark license agreements. Furthermore, it approaches the issue of whether the prohibition of compulsory licensing of trademarks can be justified in view of today’s trademark law. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Virdeborn, Clara LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Competition law issues regarding trademark licensing - something about non-challenge clauses and article 21 of the TRIPS agreement
course
JURM02 20181
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Konkurrensrätt, immaterialrätt, varumärkeslicenser, licensavtal, förbud mot konkurrensbegränsande avtal, TRIPS-avtalet
language
Swedish
id
8941867
date added to LUP
2018-06-18 08:36:22
date last changed
2018-06-18 08:36:22
@misc{8941867,
  abstract     = {{The legal framework of the European Union is based on a well-functioning single market. In this respect, competition law plays a significant role. Competition law vis-à-vis Intellectual property law has long been highly debated and the prevailing view is that the two areas of law have a common goal and complement one another. The common goal is to promote competition in the single market, while at the same time protect the consumers.

As a general rule, a trade mark proprietor may freely dispose of his right. Thus, a proprietor may, through a license agreement, grant other operators in the market the right to use the trademark. As a licensing process is associated with a high risk, the licensor typically provides the license agreement with various clauses protecting the licensor from any challenges to the trademark. An example of such a clause is the no-challenge clause, which prohibits the licensee from challenging the validity of the licensed trademark. However, competition law imposes certain restrictions on the proprietor’s ability to design such license agreements.

No-challenge clauses in trademark license agreements have been subject to review by both the European Commission and the European Court of Justice. In some cases, they have been deemed to be anti-competitive according to art. 101.1 TFEU. The courts have considered various key factors, including the term of validity of the no-challenge clause, the licensor’s position on the market and the extent to which the licensed trademark is in fact used by the licensor. No-challenge clauses have been considered valid, provided that the clause is limited to a certain period of time and that the licensor does not hold a quasi-monopoly situation on the market, which makes it difficult for competitors to establish and gain an adequate market share. No-challenge clauses have been deemed unjustified in cases where the trademarks have not been used by the licensor.

A trademark proprietor’s freedom to dispose of his right also means a right to refrain from entering into a license agreement. In 1995, the TRIPS agreement entered into force and both the EU and its Member States are bound by the agreement. Article 21 of the agreement imposes a prohibition on compulsory licensing of trademarks. The rationale behind prohibiting compulsory licensing is that such measures would impair on the so-called origin

function of the trademark. Insofar as third parties are granted the right to use someone else’s trademark, the mark would cease to indicate the origin function of the goods bearing the mark. Trademark licensing challenges the origin function of a trademark by diminishing the material link between production and the use of certain mark, being one of the cornerstones of a trademark. However, today it is generally agreed that trademark law protects not only the origin function but a wide range of other functions, including the investment function and the competitive function.

Article 21 of the TRIPS agreement has been subject to debate. Riis and Schovsbo argue that, as the function of a brand has expanded, the traditional basis for rejecting compulsory licensing of trademarks has been eroded. The authors argue that trademarks, like patents and copyrights, should be subject to compulsory licensing if the proprietor would otherwise risk abusing his dominant position.

However, in my opinion, compulsory licensing of a trademark is somewhat difficult to justify in light of the protection of property as provided for in article 1 of the first additional protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights. Restrictions on property rights, which also includes intellectual property rights, must be proportionate and necessary in the view of the public interest.

This paper highlights the competition law aspects of no-challenge clauses in trademark license agreements. Furthermore, it approaches the issue of whether the prohibition of compulsory licensing of trademarks can be justified in view of today’s trademark law.}},
  author       = {{Virdeborn, Clara}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Konkurrensrättsliga frågor vid varumärkeslicensiering - särskilt om icke-angreppsklausuler respektive art. 21 i TRIPS-avtalet}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}