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Artificial intelligence outsmarting the human perception of what is patentable? - An EU examination of the patentability of artificial intelligence

Rönnerhed, Jennifer LU (2018) LAGM01 20181
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Artificial intelligence challenges IPRs and patent is the legal field in focus for
this thesis. The thesis examines if artificial intelligence can be the inventor of
its own invention. Thereafter central questions to granting a patent by
focusing on the second patent requirement in art. 56 EPC - the inventive step.
The inventive step covers the technical character and non-obvious to a person
skilled in the art.

As of May 2018, there are no cases from the BoA clarifying if artificial
intelligence can be the inventor of its invention. Doctrine has covered this
topic and concludes that there is a difference between inventorship and
ownership. The right for the inventor to be mentioned is a formal requirement
in the patent... (More)
Artificial intelligence challenges IPRs and patent is the legal field in focus for
this thesis. The thesis examines if artificial intelligence can be the inventor of
its own invention. Thereafter central questions to granting a patent by
focusing on the second patent requirement in art. 56 EPC - the inventive step.
The inventive step covers the technical character and non-obvious to a person
skilled in the art.

As of May 2018, there are no cases from the BoA clarifying if artificial
intelligence can be the inventor of its invention. Doctrine has covered this
topic and concludes that there is a difference between inventorship and
ownership. The right for the inventor to be mentioned is a formal requirement
in the patent application. The requirement is interpreted from the VCLT and
the BoA case law in the thesis. But they do not address the question since the
inventor is not a substantial requirement for a patent leaving room for
interpretation. Even though it is not possible right now for artificial
intelligence to be acknowledged as the inventor there is an interesting
discussion in doctrine why it should be considering the divide between
inventorship and ownership. Artificial intelligence needs to be categorised
under a physical or a legal person to be an inventor. The conclusion is to
categorise it under legal person. However, the thesis elaborates the problems
with this suggested solution as well. Artificial intelligence needs to be
categorised since leaving it uncategorised means that it cannot be the inventor
unless the legislation changes.

Further, what problem the patent requirement inventive step consisting of the
technical character and the person skilled in the art impose on artificial
intelligence is examined. The assessment of the technical character and the
fact that it should be non-obvious to a person has shifted from the contribution
approach to the problem-and-solution approach. Since the new approach
requires a higher standard a mix between these two approaches is suggested
for a more flexible application. The fictional person which has been defined
in case law and the meaning of not obvious is complex and for this assessment
of the inventive step the contribution approach is likely to be more suitable.
By changing to the problem-and-solution approach it has allowed the EPO to
have a higher standard for patent applications however, then a dynamic
application should be applied since artificial intelligence is being examined
under computer software. The fact that the artificial intelligence is nontangible
can make the examination more difficult but with a dynamic
application of the inventive step artificial intelligence can be patented while
upholding the high standard. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Artificiell intelligens utmanar immaterialrätten och patent är det rättsliga
området i fokus för uppsatsen. Uppsatsen belyser om artificiell intelligens kan
vara uppfinnaren till sin egen uppfinning. Därefter behandlas grundläggande
frågor för ett beviljande av ett patent genom att fokusera på det andra
patentkravet i art. 56 EPC - uppfinningshöjd. Uppfinningshöjd omfattas av
teknisk karaktär och fackmannens kunskap.

I maj 2018 finns det inga rättsfall från BoA som klargör om artificiell
intelligens kan vara uppfinnaren till sin uppfinning. Doktrin har behandlat
ämnet och kommit till slutsatsen att det finns en skillnad på uppfinnar- och
ägarskap. Rätten för uppfinnaren att bli nämnd är ett formellt krav i
patentansökan. I... (More)
Artificiell intelligens utmanar immaterialrätten och patent är det rättsliga
området i fokus för uppsatsen. Uppsatsen belyser om artificiell intelligens kan
vara uppfinnaren till sin egen uppfinning. Därefter behandlas grundläggande
frågor för ett beviljande av ett patent genom att fokusera på det andra
patentkravet i art. 56 EPC - uppfinningshöjd. Uppfinningshöjd omfattas av
teknisk karaktär och fackmannens kunskap.

I maj 2018 finns det inga rättsfall från BoA som klargör om artificiell
intelligens kan vara uppfinnaren till sin uppfinning. Doktrin har behandlat
ämnet och kommit till slutsatsen att det finns en skillnad på uppfinnar- och
ägarskap. Rätten för uppfinnaren att bli nämnd är ett formellt krav i
patentansökan. I uppsatseten tolkas det tolkas utifrån Wien konventionen
samt BoA fall. Men där nämns inte hur detta ska tolkas eftersom vem som är
uppfinnaren inte är ett substantiellt patentkrav vilket lämnar rum för tolkning.
Även om det i nuläget inte är möjligt att veta om artificiell intelligens kan
erkännas uppfinningsrätten pågår den intressanta diskussionen i doktrin att
det bör p.g.a. uppdelningen mellan uppfinnar- och ägarskap. För att artificiell
intelligens ska kunna bli uppfinnaren behövs det kategoriseras under fysisk
eller juridisk person. Slutsatsen är att det bör kategoriseras under juridisk
person. Det finns dock problematiska aspekter med detta vilket behandlas i
uppsatsen. Att inte kategorisera det skulle innebära att uppfinnarskap först är
möjligt om lagen skrivs om.

Vidare tas problem kring patentkravet uppfinningshöjd upp som innefattar
teknisk karaktär och fackmannens kunskap vid bedömningen av artificiell
intelligens. Bedömningen utifrån de två delkriterierna kräver att lösningen på
det tekniska problemet inte ska ha varit uppenbar för fackmannen och denna
bedömningen har skiftats från en bidragande-metod till en problem-ochlösnings
metod. Eftersom den nya metoden kräver en högre standard har en
mix av metoderna föreslagits för en mer flexibel tillämpning. Den fiktiva
fackmannen har blivit definierad i rättsfall och betydelsen av inte uppenbart
är komplex och för denna del av bedömningen föreslås den bidragandemetoden
som ett led i bedömningen istället. Förändringen till problem-ochlösnings
metoden har möjliggjort det för EPO att bibehålla den höga
standarden för patentansökningar men då behövs en mer dynamisk tillämning
för artificiell intelligens eftersom det tolkas in i dator mjukvara. Det faktum
att artificiell intelligens är något abstrakt kan leda till en svårare prövning men
med en dynamisk tillämpning av uppfinningshöjd för artificiell intelligens
kan det patenteras samtidigt som den höga standarden upprätthålls. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Rönnerhed, Jennifer LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGM01 20181
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
keywords
EU law, artificial intelligence, intellectual property, patent, inventive step, technical character, board of appeal, European patent convention, inventor, problem and solution approach
language
English
id
8945625
date added to LUP
2018-06-20 12:47:24
date last changed
2018-06-20 12:47:24
@misc{8945625,
  abstract     = {{Artificial intelligence challenges IPRs and patent is the legal field in focus for
this thesis. The thesis examines if artificial intelligence can be the inventor of
its own invention. Thereafter central questions to granting a patent by
focusing on the second patent requirement in art. 56 EPC - the inventive step.
The inventive step covers the technical character and non-obvious to a person
skilled in the art.

As of May 2018, there are no cases from the BoA clarifying if artificial
intelligence can be the inventor of its invention. Doctrine has covered this
topic and concludes that there is a difference between inventorship and
ownership. The right for the inventor to be mentioned is a formal requirement
in the patent application. The requirement is interpreted from the VCLT and
the BoA case law in the thesis. But they do not address the question since the
inventor is not a substantial requirement for a patent leaving room for
interpretation. Even though it is not possible right now for artificial
intelligence to be acknowledged as the inventor there is an interesting
discussion in doctrine why it should be considering the divide between
inventorship and ownership. Artificial intelligence needs to be categorised
under a physical or a legal person to be an inventor. The conclusion is to
categorise it under legal person. However, the thesis elaborates the problems
with this suggested solution as well. Artificial intelligence needs to be
categorised since leaving it uncategorised means that it cannot be the inventor
unless the legislation changes.

Further, what problem the patent requirement inventive step consisting of the
technical character and the person skilled in the art impose on artificial
intelligence is examined. The assessment of the technical character and the
fact that it should be non-obvious to a person has shifted from the contribution
approach to the problem-and-solution approach. Since the new approach
requires a higher standard a mix between these two approaches is suggested
for a more flexible application. The fictional person which has been defined
in case law and the meaning of not obvious is complex and for this assessment
of the inventive step the contribution approach is likely to be more suitable.
By changing to the problem-and-solution approach it has allowed the EPO to
have a higher standard for patent applications however, then a dynamic
application should be applied since artificial intelligence is being examined
under computer software. The fact that the artificial intelligence is nontangible
can make the examination more difficult but with a dynamic
application of the inventive step artificial intelligence can be patented while
upholding the high standard.}},
  author       = {{Rönnerhed, Jennifer}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Artificial intelligence outsmarting the human perception of what is patentable? - An EU examination of the patentability of artificial intelligence}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}