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Steering the Client toward Self-sufficiency Swedish Social Workers’ Accounts of Responsibilisation

Carlsson, Daniel LU (2018) SOCM04 20181
Sociology
Abstract
In the last couple of decades in Sweden, there has been an adoption of “workfare”-oriented policy approaches to unemployment (as opposed to the former, less conditioned welfare-oriented ones). Consequently, labour market policies more and more have started to encompass the Social Services Department (in Swedish; “socialtjänsten”). In Scandinavia, active labour market policies are commonly referred to simply as “activation”; i.e., various political initiatives aimed at activating the unemployed – including social services clients – so as to swiftly render them employable. Such measures entail that social workers are expected to regularly control the activation level of clients. Moreover, new organisational models (New Public Management and... (More)
In the last couple of decades in Sweden, there has been an adoption of “workfare”-oriented policy approaches to unemployment (as opposed to the former, less conditioned welfare-oriented ones). Consequently, labour market policies more and more have started to encompass the Social Services Department (in Swedish; “socialtjänsten”). In Scandinavia, active labour market policies are commonly referred to simply as “activation”; i.e., various political initiatives aimed at activating the unemployed – including social services clients – so as to swiftly render them employable. Such measures entail that social workers are expected to regularly control the activation level of clients. Moreover, new organisational models (New Public Management and Lean), have in the previous decades been embraced by the Swedish Social Services Department. The latest such, “the “Trelleborg Model”, entails that the assessment of entitlement to social assistance is undertaken by an algorithm. In the following, the purpose is to analyse how a group of social workers account for their professional life in light of all of this.
From the vantage point of social constructionism and ethnomethodology, I have therefore conducted eight qualitative interviews with Swedish social workers, employed by various municipal Social Service Centres throughout the south of Sweden. I have inquired as to how they account for the day-today practices of their work as it pertains to: (1) professional functions; (2) the ways in which the said functions relate to matters of control, discipline and morality; (3) their thoughts on discretion and; (4) ideas regarding new organisational/management models (including automation initiatives such as the Trelleborg Model).
I have found that the social workers define their primary task as that of steering clients toward employment and financial self-sufficiency. With regard to control, discipline and morality, they account for these matters in terms of getting clients to accept responsibility for their own livelihood; and by extension, getting them to accept certain societal norms of labour and financial self-sufficiency. As for discretion, this is a complex matter, which the social workers navigate through myriad facets of their profession (society at large, superiors, peers, legislation, professional expectations, personal feelings and so forth). Hence, making discretionary assessments is by no means a cut-and-dried matter, as one, in making such assessments, additionally ought to consider if aggravating factors to activation are at hand (e.g., family circumstances, poor education levels, immigration and integration issues and so forth).
When it comes to The Trelleborg Model, it may have positive as well as negative implications, according to the participants of the study. Positive in that it may conceivably free up time, which may be devoted to the more “difficult” clients (those far from the labour market), rather than to time-consuming assessments of applications; and negative in that such models may entail an underlying view on humanity that perhaps does not have the best interests of neither social workers nor clients at heart. (Less)
Popular Abstract (Swedish)
Under senare decennier har det förekommit frekventa politiska utspel såväl som lagändringar när det gäller socialbidragstagande. Dessa hänger samman med ett allmänt omfamnade av ”aktiveringspolitik” när det gäller arbetslöshet i stort. Vi har till följd av detta omfamnande sett en allt större sammanblandning mellan arbetsmarknads- och socialpolitik, vilket har lett till utökad samverkan mellan till exempel socialtjänsten och Arbetsförmedlingen. Det generella syftet med aktiveringspolitiken är att aktivera arbetslösa – det vill säga aktivera dem på så vis att de snabbt uppnår ett specifikt mål – att finna anställning för att därigenom bli självförsörjande. Detta har inneburit att socialsekreterare som arbetar med försörjningsstöd (vilket... (More)
Under senare decennier har det förekommit frekventa politiska utspel såväl som lagändringar när det gäller socialbidragstagande. Dessa hänger samman med ett allmänt omfamnade av ”aktiveringspolitik” när det gäller arbetslöshet i stort. Vi har till följd av detta omfamnande sett en allt större sammanblandning mellan arbetsmarknads- och socialpolitik, vilket har lett till utökad samverkan mellan till exempel socialtjänsten och Arbetsförmedlingen. Det generella syftet med aktiveringspolitiken är att aktivera arbetslösa – det vill säga aktivera dem på så vis att de snabbt uppnår ett specifikt mål – att finna anställning för att därigenom bli självförsörjande. Detta har inneburit att socialsekreterare som arbetar med försörjningsstöd (vilket ibland också kallas ekonomiskt bistånd eller som ovan, socialbidrag) allt mer förväntas utöva kontroll över klienter. Inom socialtjänsten har man även på senare år anammat nya organisationsmodeller, som till exempel New Public- och Lean Management. Som ett led i denna utveckling har man också börjat använda sig av standardiserade bedömningsmanualer. I Trelleborg har man gått ännu ett steg längre och introducerat den så kallade ”Trelleborgsmodellen”. Modellen innebär bland annat att en algoritm tar ställning till huruvida klienters försörjningsstödsansökningar ska bifallas eller avslås. Denna modell har nu också börjat införas i andra kommuner.
Mot bakgrund av detta har jag, utifrån utgångspunkten att en yrkesgrupp i mångt och mycket själv skapar och sätter upp ramarna för den egna yrkesrollen i det vardagliga yrkeslivet, samtidigt som den troligen även påverkas en hel del av yttre förhållanden (samhälleliga och politiska), intervjuat åtta socionomer som arbetar som ekonomiska biståndshandläggare. Syftet med intervjuerna har varit att undersöka hur dessa biståndshandläggare resonerar kring sådant som den egna yrkesrollen; kontroll, disciplin och moral i ljuset denna yrkesroll; det handlingsutrymme (på eng., ”discretion”) som alla socialsekreterare har vad gäller att ta beslut åt ett eller annat håll och, slutligen; kring nya organisatoriska arbetsmodeller som New Public Management- och Lean-modellerna och i synnerhet då, Trelleborgsmodellen.
Resultaten visar att det finns en tendens till att uppleva att yrkesrollen primärt går ut på att pusha klienter mot självförsörjning – med andra ord att få dem att ta ansvar för sitt liv och uppehälle – men att det även finns en frustration när det gäller detta, som ibland uttrycks som en önskan att kunna ägna sig mer åt ”socialt arbete”. När det gäller den andra frågan, den om kontroll, disciplin och moral, talar studiedeltagarna hur de använder sig av disciplin och kontroll i syfte att pusha sina klienter mot just arbete och självförsörjning. När det gäller moral så tycks de anse att alla fullt friska och arbetsföra medborgare bör arbeta eller aktivt söka arbete. Vad gäller det egna handlingsutrymmet menar socialsekreterarna att detta är komplext: i det vardagliga yrkeslivet navigeras handlingsutrymmet genom sådant som samhälleliga önskemål och normer, överordnade och kollegor, klientens individuella förutsättningar och därtill knutna eventuella egna känslor av sympati, empati osv. Att göra bedömningar när det gäller försörjningsstöd verkar med andra ord vara något knepigt; handlingsutrymmet innebär att få saker är svartvita och att det finns en hel uppsjö av faktorer att ta hänsyn till när bedömningarna ska göras.
När det gäller automationsmodeller som den från Trelleborg menar studiedeltagarna att sådana modeller kan få negativa såväl som positiva följder. Positiva på så vis att den kan frigöra tid som istället för att ägnas åt tidsödande manuella bedömningar kan läggas på arbetet med ”svårare” klienter, och negativa på så vis att en del studiedeltagare uttrycker skepsis och oro gentemot den bakomliggande människosyn en del av dem tycker sig kunna skönja när det gäller Trelleborgsmodellen. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Carlsson, Daniel LU
supervisor
organization
course
SOCM04 20181
year
type
H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
subject
keywords
Social workers, labour market policies, activation, responsibilisation, discipline, control, discretion, street-level bureaucracy, automation
language
English
id
8959675
date added to LUP
2018-10-02 10:31:44
date last changed
2018-10-02 10:31:44
@misc{8959675,
  abstract     = {{In the last couple of decades in Sweden, there has been an adoption of “workfare”-oriented policy approaches to unemployment (as opposed to the former, less conditioned welfare-oriented ones). Consequently, labour market policies more and more have started to encompass the Social Services Department (in Swedish; “socialtjänsten”). In Scandinavia, active labour market policies are commonly referred to simply as “activation”; i.e., various political initiatives aimed at activating the unemployed – including social services clients – so as to swiftly render them employable. Such measures entail that social workers are expected to regularly control the activation level of clients. Moreover, new organisational models (New Public Management and Lean), have in the previous decades been embraced by the Swedish Social Services Department. The latest such, “the “Trelleborg Model”, entails that the assessment of entitlement to social assistance is undertaken by an algorithm. In the following, the purpose is to analyse how a group of social workers account for their professional life in light of all of this. 
 From the vantage point of social constructionism and ethnomethodology, I have therefore conducted eight qualitative interviews with Swedish social workers, employed by various municipal Social Service Centres throughout the south of Sweden. I have inquired as to how they account for the day-today practices of their work as it pertains to: (1) professional functions; (2) the ways in which the said functions relate to matters of control, discipline and morality; (3) their thoughts on discretion and; (4) ideas regarding new organisational/management models (including automation initiatives such as the Trelleborg Model). 
I have found that the social workers define their primary task as that of steering clients toward employment and financial self-sufficiency. With regard to control, discipline and morality, they account for these matters in terms of getting clients to accept responsibility for their own livelihood; and by extension, getting them to accept certain societal norms of labour and financial self-sufficiency. As for discretion, this is a complex matter, which the social workers navigate through myriad facets of their profession (society at large, superiors, peers, legislation, professional expectations, personal feelings and so forth). Hence, making discretionary assessments is by no means a cut-and-dried matter, as one, in making such assessments, additionally ought to consider if aggravating factors to activation are at hand (e.g., family circumstances, poor education levels, immigration and integration issues and so forth). 
When it comes to The Trelleborg Model, it may have positive as well as negative implications, according to the participants of the study. Positive in that it may conceivably free up time, which may be devoted to the more “difficult” clients (those far from the labour market), rather than to time-consuming assessments of applications; and negative in that such models may entail an underlying view on humanity that perhaps does not have the best interests of neither social workers nor clients at heart.}},
  author       = {{Carlsson, Daniel}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Steering the Client toward Self-sufficiency Swedish Social Workers’ Accounts of Responsibilisation}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}