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Skadebegränsning och lojalitetsreciprocitet

Karlsson, Mattias LU (2018) JURM02 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
I svensk rätt finns bestämmelser om skadebegräsning 70 § köplagen. Att bedöma huruvida denna skadebegränsningsplikt ska gälla också utomobligatoriskt har genom åren vållat rättsvetenskapsmännen vissa bekymmer. Denna framställning har till syfte att undersöka och klargöra innebörden av skadebegränsningsplikten i svensk rätt. Särskilt fokus ligger här på de lojalitetshänsyn som anses motivera skadebegränsningen och frågan huruvida ett illojalt agerande hos den skadevållande kan påverka tillämpningen av skadebegränsningsplikten. I framställningen har det anlagts en rättsdogmatisk metod och allmänt vedertagna rättskällor som lagtext, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin har tillämpats för att utreda gällande rätt. Med anläggande av en rättsekonomisk... (More)
I svensk rätt finns bestämmelser om skadebegräsning 70 § köplagen. Att bedöma huruvida denna skadebegränsningsplikt ska gälla också utomobligatoriskt har genom åren vållat rättsvetenskapsmännen vissa bekymmer. Denna framställning har till syfte att undersöka och klargöra innebörden av skadebegränsningsplikten i svensk rätt. Särskilt fokus ligger här på de lojalitetshänsyn som anses motivera skadebegränsningen och frågan huruvida ett illojalt agerande hos den skadevållande kan påverka tillämpningen av skadebegränsningsplikten. I framställningen har det anlagts en rättsdogmatisk metod och allmänt vedertagna rättskällor som lagtext, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin har tillämpats för att utreda gällande rätt. Med anläggande av en rättsekonomisk metod har också frågan om skadebegränsningen ekonomiska effekter undersökts, samt skadebegränsningens framtid.

Skadebegränsningsplikten syntes i svensk rätt, troligen, för första gången i början av 1900-talet. Det har dock varit oklart hur pass allmängiltig denna plikt är och även hur den ska tillämpas. Skadeståndslagen innehåller i 6 kap. § 1 regler om jämkning med anledning av medvållande. Skadebegränsningsplikten har tidigare av vissa ansetts vara en del av dessa regler. Genom NJA 2017 s. 371 kan vi med stöd av HD:s uttalande sluta oss till att skadebegränsningsplikten står på egna ben, om än att det fortfarande enligt min mening finns anledning att beakta reglerna om medvållande vid tolkning av skadebegränsningen. Det finns därför en utomobligatorisk skadebegränsningsplikt, vilken utgör en allmän rättsprincip som ska tillämpas efter det att skada inträffat. Om detta verkar alla rörande överens. HD har genom NJA 2017 s. 9 på ett förtjänstfullt kastat nytt ljus på skadebegränsningsplikten och därigenom förtydligat hur den bör tillämpas. I denna del finns enligt min mening dock anledning till viss kritik.

I centrum för uppsatsen står frågan om i vilken mån lojalitetsreciprocitet ska påverka bedömningen av vilka åtgärder den skadelidande bör vidta för att begränsa sin skada. I NJA 2017 s. 9 uttalar HD att den skadevållandes agerande typiskt sett inte ska påverka bedömningen av vilka åtgärder den skadelidande förväntas vidta. Samtidigt klargör HD att skadebegränsningsplikten motiveras av lojalitetshänsyn, såväl inomobligatoriskt som utomobligatoriskt. På det kontraktsrättsliga området finns en lojalitetsplikt som medför vissa rättigheter och skyldigheter. Det har också ansetts finnas utrymme för att låta en parts illojala agerande få konsekvenser. Vad gäller reklamation och preskription kan ett illojalt agerande därför i vissa fall innebära att den illojala parten inte äger rätt att åtnjuta det rättsliga skydd den annars varit berättigad till. Vad gäller reglerna om medvållande anses det också finnas utrymme för att beakta graden av vållande genom den skälighetsprövning som genomförs vid en eventuell jämkning.

Huruvida lojalitetsplikten är en allmän rättsprincip som också ska tillämpas fullt ut på det utomobligatoriska området har länge varit oklart. Någon klarhet i detta har inte kunnat bringas genom denna uppsats, men det framstår enligt min mening som klart att lojalitetshänsyn åtminstone kan beaktas också utomobligatoriskt. Eftersom lojalitetshänsyn ska beaktas bör också de konsekvenser som ett illojalt beteende kan medföra beaktas. Vad som komplicerar bedömningen gällande skadebegränsningsplikten är att plikten motiveras också av andra skäl än lojalitet.

I syfte att ge skadebegränsningen ökad legitimitet och skapa önskvärd koherens med reglerna om medvållande och räddningsplikten bör skadebegränsningsplikten kodifieras i skadeståndslagen. En sådan kodifikation bör också ge utrymme för en skälighetsprövning där vållande på ömse sidor beaktas. (Less)
Abstract
In Swedish law there are provisions on mitigation in Section 70 of the Sale of Goods act. The assessment of whether this mitigation obligation should also apply non-contractually has caused legal scientists some concerns over the years. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and clarify the meaning of the obligation to mitigate your losses in Swedish law. Particular attention is given to the loyalty considerations, which can be regarded as justification of the obligation, as well as to the question of whether an unfair act of the causing party should affect the application of the mitigation obligation. In this paper, a legal-judicial method has been adopted and generally accepted sources of law such as legal texts, preliminary work,... (More)
In Swedish law there are provisions on mitigation in Section 70 of the Sale of Goods act. The assessment of whether this mitigation obligation should also apply non-contractually has caused legal scientists some concerns over the years. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and clarify the meaning of the obligation to mitigate your losses in Swedish law. Particular attention is given to the loyalty considerations, which can be regarded as justification of the obligation, as well as to the question of whether an unfair act of the causing party should affect the application of the mitigation obligation. In this paper, a legal-judicial method has been adopted and generally accepted sources of law such as legal texts, preliminary work, practice and doctrine have been applied to investigate the law in force. Furthermore, the question of mitigation, and the future of mitigation, has also been investigated with regards to law and economics.

The non-contractual liability to mitigate your losses constitutes a general principle of law applicable after damage has occurred. Regarding this, most people seem to agree. HD has also, through NJA 2017 p. 9, deliberately thrown new light on the obligation to mitigate your losses, thus clarifying how it should be applied. In this section, I believe there are grounds for some criticism.

The mitigation obligation is likely mentioned for the first time in the early 20th century. However, it has been unclear how universal this duty is and how it should be applied. The Compensation Act contains in Chapter 6 Section 1 rules on adjustment due to contributory negligence. The mitigation of damages has previously been considered to be part of these rules. From HD’s statement in NJA 2017 p. 371 we can conclude that the obligation to mitigate your losses stands for itself. It is however in my opinion still necessary to take the rules on contributory negligence into account in the interpretation of mitigation.

In the centre of this paper is the question of the extent to which loyalty reciprocity should affect the assessment of what actions the injured party should take to mitigate their losses. In NJA 2017 p. 9, HD states that the conduct of the damaging party typically does not affect the assessment of the actions the injured party is expected to take. At the same time, HD clarifies that the obligation to mitigate losses is motivated by loyalty, even non-contractual. Contractually, there is a duty of loyalty which implies certain rights and obligations. It has also been considered that there is room for letting one party's unlawful actions have consequences. As regards to complaint and limitation, unlawful conduct may, in some cases, mean that the disloyal party does not own the right to enjoy the legal protection it otherwise would be entitled to. As regards to the contributory negligence rules, there is also room for taking into account the degree of disloyal behaviour from the damaging party through the reasonableness test conducted in the event of a possible adjustment.

Whether the duty of loyalty is a general principle of law that will also be fully applied in the non-contractual area has long been unclear. Any clarity regarding this has not been possible through this essay, but it seems to me that it is clear that loyalty considerations can at least be considered non-contractual as well. Since loyalty considerations should be taken into account, the consequences that an unfair behaviour may cause should be taken into account as well. What complicates the assessment regarding this with regard to the obligation to mitigate losses is that the obligation is also motivated by reasons other than loyalty.

In order to increase the legitimacy of non-contractual mitigation and create the desired coherence with the contributory negligence and rescue obligations, the mitigation obligation should be codified in the Compensation Act. Such a codification should also provide scope for a reasonableness test, taking into account caution on either side. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Karlsson, Mattias LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Mitigation obligation and loyalty reciprocity
course
JURM02 20182
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skadeståndsrätt, allmän rättslära, lojalitetsplikt, skadebegränsning, lojalitetsreciprocitet, rättsekonomi
language
Swedish
id
8965083
date added to LUP
2019-01-28 11:29:24
date last changed
2019-01-28 11:29:24
@misc{8965083,
  abstract     = {{In Swedish law there are provisions on mitigation in Section 70 of the Sale of Goods act. The assessment of whether this mitigation obligation should also apply non-contractually has caused legal scientists some concerns over the years. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and clarify the meaning of the obligation to mitigate your losses in Swedish law. Particular attention is given to the loyalty considerations, which can be regarded as justification of the obligation, as well as to the question of whether an unfair act of the causing party should affect the application of the mitigation obligation. In this paper, a legal-judicial method has been adopted and generally accepted sources of law such as legal texts, preliminary work, practice and doctrine have been applied to investigate the law in force. Furthermore, the question of mitigation, and the future of mitigation, has also been investigated with regards to law and economics. 

The non-contractual liability to mitigate your losses constitutes a general principle of law applicable after damage has occurred. Regarding this, most people seem to agree. HD has also, through NJA 2017 p. 9, deliberately thrown new light on the obligation to mitigate your losses, thus clarifying how it should be applied. In this section, I believe there are grounds for some criticism.

The mitigation obligation is likely mentioned for the first time in the early 20th century. However, it has been unclear how universal this duty is and how it should be applied. The Compensation Act contains in Chapter 6 Section 1 rules on adjustment due to contributory negligence. The mitigation of damages has previously been considered to be part of these rules. From HD’s statement in NJA 2017 p. 371 we can conclude that the obligation to mitigate your losses stands for itself. It is however in my opinion still necessary to take the rules on contributory negligence into account in the interpretation of mitigation. 

In the centre of this paper is the question of the extent to which loyalty reciprocity should affect the assessment of what actions the injured party should take to mitigate their losses. In NJA 2017 p. 9, HD states that the conduct of the damaging party typically does not affect the assessment of the actions the injured party is expected to take. At the same time, HD clarifies that the obligation to mitigate losses is motivated by loyalty, even non-contractual. Contractually, there is a duty of loyalty which implies certain rights and obligations. It has also been considered that there is room for letting one party's unlawful actions have consequences. As regards to complaint and limitation, unlawful conduct may, in some cases, mean that the disloyal party does not own the right to enjoy the legal protection it otherwise would be entitled to. As regards to the contributory negligence rules, there is also room for taking into account the degree of disloyal behaviour from the damaging party through the reasonableness test conducted in the event of a possible adjustment.

Whether the duty of loyalty is a general principle of law that will also be fully applied in the non-contractual area has long been unclear. Any clarity regarding this has not been possible through this essay, but it seems to me that it is clear that loyalty considerations can at least be considered non-contractual as well. Since loyalty considerations should be taken into account, the consequences that an unfair behaviour may cause should be taken into account as well. What complicates the assessment regarding this with regard to the obligation to mitigate losses is that the obligation is also motivated by reasons other than loyalty.

In order to increase the legitimacy of non-contractual mitigation and create the desired coherence with the contributory negligence and rescue obligations, the mitigation obligation should be codified in the Compensation Act. Such a codification should also provide scope for a reasonableness test, taking into account caution on either side.}},
  author       = {{Karlsson, Mattias}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Skadebegränsning och lojalitetsreciprocitet}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}