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Responsibilty to protect - Innebörden av R2P och dess implementering av FN:s säkerhetsråd.

Jonsson, Rebecca LU (2018) LAGF03 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Responsibility to protect is a principle developed in order to try to protect citizens from atrocious and systematic crimes when a host state does not want to or does not have the possibility to do so themselves, and was first mentioned by the International Commission for Intervention and State Sovereignty in 2001. R2P is based on the idea that each individual state has a responsibility to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, but if a state fails to do so, the international community, through the UN, has a secondary responsibility to protect those citizens. This responsibility is to primarily be enforced with peaceful means but, in extreme cases - if the UN decided that these means... (More)
Responsibility to protect is a principle developed in order to try to protect citizens from atrocious and systematic crimes when a host state does not want to or does not have the possibility to do so themselves, and was first mentioned by the International Commission for Intervention and State Sovereignty in 2001. R2P is based on the idea that each individual state has a responsibility to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, but if a state fails to do so, the international community, through the UN, has a secondary responsibility to protect those citizens. This responsibility is to primarily be enforced with peaceful means but, in extreme cases - if the UN decided that these means are inadequate - are also to be enforced by military interventions, without the state’s consent.  

However, creating a common understanding of the R2P principle and its meaning has proven to be a difficult task for the UN, its member states and research experts. The R2P is based on moral law and is subjected to political plays by different member states as well as the individual opinions of states. Resolutions and reports on the principle are often full of compromises with wording that bare no real power.

The purpose of this thesis is to try and clarify what R2P actually means and how it has been implemented by the UN, especially by the UN’s Security Council with its exclusive right to authorize military operations in regards to R2P-crimes. The thesis focuses on extreme cases where military means have been a necessity in order to enforce the R2P in a state as an effort to protect its citizens - cases which are extremely intricate due to the lack of guidelines in regard to the R2P principle.

The thesis provides an in-depth analysis on the authority of the Security Council and if and how R2P has been implemented in their work to ensure international peace and safety. The Syrian and Libyan crises are used as examples to demonstrate how R2P has been put into use by the international community. The thesis also provides an analysis on the five permanent member states’ right to veto and the issues it causes.

The thesis concludes that international discussion has pivoted. There is no longer a discussion if R2P should be implemented but instead how it should be implemented and used in the daily works of the UN. With that said, there are still issues that need to be resolved, such as the five permanent member states’ right to veto and the difficult task of trying to unify dozens of states with different political, social, moral and economic standpoints. It is clear that R2P still has a long way to go, but it is also important to remember how far it has come. It has proven its importance and with human security now being a main focus of the UN, R2P has all the potential to improve further and develop clear, useful and uncompromisable guidelines that will help protect the citizens of the world. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Responsibility to protect är en princip som presenterades kring millennieskiftet av den internationella kommissionen för interventioner och statssuveränitet. Kommissionen skapades i syfte att utveckla ett sätt att skydda medborgare som utsattes för grova och systematiska brott och då värdstaten inte ville eller kunde stoppa dessa. Utgångspunkten för R2P är att det primära ansvaret ligger på värdstaten att skydda sina invånare från folkmord, etnisk resning, brott mot mänskligheten och krigsbrott men att det finns ett sekundärt ansvar ifall värdstaten inte uppfyller sitt ansvar. Det sekundära ansvaret innebär att stater genom FN har ett ansvar att vidta lämpliga fredliga åtgärder för att skydda invånarna och i extremfallen kan säkerhetsrådet... (More)
Responsibility to protect är en princip som presenterades kring millennieskiftet av den internationella kommissionen för interventioner och statssuveränitet. Kommissionen skapades i syfte att utveckla ett sätt att skydda medborgare som utsattes för grova och systematiska brott och då värdstaten inte ville eller kunde stoppa dessa. Utgångspunkten för R2P är att det primära ansvaret ligger på värdstaten att skydda sina invånare från folkmord, etnisk resning, brott mot mänskligheten och krigsbrott men att det finns ett sekundärt ansvar ifall värdstaten inte uppfyller sitt ansvar. Det sekundära ansvaret innebär att stater genom FN har ett ansvar att vidta lämpliga fredliga åtgärder för att skydda invånarna och i extremfallen kan säkerhetsrådet ge mandat åt medlemsstater att vidta tvingande militära åtgärder om de fredliga inte anses vara tillräckliga.

Uppsatsen tar sikte på de extremfall där militära åtgärder behöver tas. Ämnet är trassligt och det saknas tydliga riktlinjer både för hur man ska gå tillväga och under vilka förutsättningar. Under de två decennier som R2P har funnits har FN, medlemsstater och ett antal forskare försökt tydliggöra princip vilket har visats sig vara en svår utmaning. R2P bygger på en typ av moraljuridik som samtidigt genomsyras av politik och staters åsikter om vad som är rätt och fel. Dessa skiljaktigheter leder till rapporter och resolutioner som innehåller kompromisser och där orden på papperet i verkligenheten inte säger så mycket. Syftet med uppsatsen är därmed att försöka klargöra vad R2P faktiskt är och hur principen implementerats av FN och då särskilt av FN:s säkerhetsråd. Stora delar av uppsatsen är av en deskriptiv karaktär med inslag av kritiskt tänkande och synpunkter.

Det görs en djupdykning i säkerhetsrådets auktoritet och om och i så fall hur, R2P har implementerats i arbetet med att säkerställa internationell fred och säkerhet. För att visa hur det kan gå till i praktiken har en exemplifiering gjorts av Syrien- och Libyenkrisen samt en analys av rätten till veto och dess problematik.

Under uppsatsens gång framkommer det tydligt att den internationella diskussionen har ändrat skepnad. Det är inte längre en fråga om att diskutera huruvida R2P ska implementeras eller ej, utan på vilket sätt den ska implementeras och hur den ska användas i FN:s dagliga arbete. Slutligen ska sägas att det fortfarande finns stora problemområden. Det gäller bland annat rätten till veto och försöken att få dussintals stater som har olika politiska, sociala, moraliska och ekonomiska värderingar att enas om en svårdefinierad princip. Men trots den kvarvarande problematiken är R2P ett levande begrepp som fortsätter att utvecklas och så kommer göra under en lång tid. Nu när mänsklig säkerhet är ett av FN:s centrala fokus, R2P har potentialen att förbättra och utveckla tydliga och användbara riktlinjer som kommer hjälpa att skydda världens medborgare. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Jonsson, Rebecca LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20182
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Folkrätt, R2P
language
Swedish
id
8965417
date added to LUP
2019-03-10 13:49:14
date last changed
2019-03-10 13:49:14
@misc{8965417,
  abstract     = {{Responsibility to protect is a principle developed in order to try to protect citizens from atrocious and systematic crimes when a host state does not want to or does not have the possibility to do so themselves, and was first mentioned by the International Commission for Intervention and State Sovereignty in 2001. R2P is based on the idea that each individual state has a responsibility to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, but if a state fails to do so, the international community, through the UN, has a secondary responsibility to protect those citizens. This responsibility is to primarily be enforced with peaceful means but, in extreme cases - if the UN decided that these means are inadequate - are also to be enforced by military interventions, without the state’s consent.  

However, creating a common understanding of the R2P principle and its meaning has proven to be a difficult task for the UN, its member states and research experts. The R2P is based on moral law and is subjected to political plays by different member states as well as the individual opinions of states. Resolutions and reports on the principle are often full of compromises with wording that bare no real power.

The purpose of this thesis is to try and clarify what R2P actually means and how it has been implemented by the UN, especially by the UN’s Security Council with its exclusive right to authorize military operations in regards to R2P-crimes. The thesis focuses on extreme cases where military means have been a necessity in order to enforce the R2P in a state as an effort to protect its citizens - cases which are extremely intricate due to the lack of guidelines in regard to the R2P principle.

The thesis provides an in-depth analysis on the authority of the Security Council and if and how R2P has been implemented in their work to ensure international peace and safety. The Syrian and Libyan crises are used as examples to demonstrate how R2P has been put into use by the international community. The thesis also provides an analysis on the five permanent member states’ right to veto and the issues it causes.

The thesis concludes that international discussion has pivoted. There is no longer a discussion if R2P should be implemented but instead how it should be implemented and used in the daily works of the UN. With that said, there are still issues that need to be resolved, such as the five permanent member states’ right to veto and the difficult task of trying to unify dozens of states with different political, social, moral and economic standpoints. It is clear that R2P still has a long way to go, but it is also important to remember how far it has come. It has proven its importance and with human security now being a main focus of the UN, R2P has all the potential to improve further and develop clear, useful and uncompromisable guidelines that will help protect the citizens of the world.}},
  author       = {{Jonsson, Rebecca}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Responsibilty to protect - Innebörden av R2P och dess implementering av FN:s säkerhetsråd.}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}