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Underlåtenhet att avslöja brott - 23 kap 6 § BrB och dess praktiska tillämplighet

Stridh, Kajsa LU (2018) LAGF03 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Enligt 23 kap. 6 § BrB föreligger en skyldighet att, när det särskilt anges, avslöja ett förestående eller pågående brott. Denna skyldighet har föreskrivits i svensk strafflag sedan lång till tillbaka. Skyldigheten har framförallt gällt i vid särskilt grova brott så som högförräderi och spioneri, men på senare tid även vid tillgreppsbrott och våldsbrott som rån och våldtäkt.
Under utformningen av uppsatsen har en rättsdogmatisk metod använts i kombination med ett kritiskt perspektiv. Uppsatsens syfte har varit att redogöra för 23 kap. 6 § BrB samt anledningen till svårigheterna att lagföra någon för underlåtenhet att avslöja brott.
Hårdare tag mot brottsligheten kommer ofta till uttryck från allmänhetens sida och i en ambition att beivra... (More)
Enligt 23 kap. 6 § BrB föreligger en skyldighet att, när det särskilt anges, avslöja ett förestående eller pågående brott. Denna skyldighet har föreskrivits i svensk strafflag sedan lång till tillbaka. Skyldigheten har framförallt gällt i vid särskilt grova brott så som högförräderi och spioneri, men på senare tid även vid tillgreppsbrott och våldsbrott som rån och våldtäkt.
Under utformningen av uppsatsen har en rättsdogmatisk metod använts i kombination med ett kritiskt perspektiv. Uppsatsens syfte har varit att redogöra för 23 kap. 6 § BrB samt anledningen till svårigheterna att lagföra någon för underlåtenhet att avslöja brott.
Hårdare tag mot brottsligheten kommer ofta till uttryck från allmänhetens sida och i en ambition att beivra brott är bestämmelsen kanske inte helt oviktig. Tanken är att brott ska kunna avvärjas genom avslöjande enligt 23 kap 6 § BrB. Bestämmelsen har emellertid ytterst sällan tillämpats. Fram till 2017 har bestämmelsen inte prövats av HD sedan 1932. Ämnet blir härav av särskilt intresse efter HD:s avgörande, NJA 2017 s. 515, som ytterligare förefaller inskränka tillämpligheten av lagrummet i fråga.
Svårigheten vid den praktiska tillämpningen av bestämmelsen torde bero på dels att det för gemene man kan tänkas vara svårt att avgöra när skyldighet att avslöja brott föreligger, dels att denna tidsperiod många gånger är kortvarig samt att avslöjande ska kunna ske utan fara för den handlande eller någon annan.
Före HD:s avgörande 2017 har det regelmässigt framhållits att bestämmelsen kan användas som s.k. ”reservbestämmelse”. Det gäller fall då någon i första hand varit åtalad för delaktighet i brottet och i andra hand för underlåtenhet att avslöja detsamma. När det inte gått att visa mer än att personen i fråga haft vetskap om brottet har den gängse uppfattningen varit att man i vart fall kunnat döma denne i enlighet med den alternativa åtalspunkten. Enligt HD:s avgörande i NJA 2017 s. 515 bör man numera förbise äldre uttalanden vad gäller tillämpning av lagrummet som reservbestämmelse. Enligt HD är det omöjligt att i första hand ställa någon till ansvar för huvudgärningen och i andra hand för underlåtenhet att avslöja samma gärning. Det strider mot att avslöjande ska kunna ske utan fara för den handlande och står dessutom i motsättning till rätten att inte behöva belasta sig själv enligt artikel 6.1 EKMR.
Över tid har bestämmelsens tillämpningsområdet utvidgats för att senare reduceras. 23 kap. 6 § BrB har sällan tillämpats i praktiken och med hänsyn till NJA 2017 s. 515 ser möjligheten till framtida tillämpning än mer problematisk ut. Bevisligen är bestämmelsen i behov av en reformering för att få praktisk betydelse. P.g.a. NJA 2017 s. 515 och intressekollisionen med artikel 6.1 EKMR. torde emellertid en sådan reformering möta påtagliga hinder. (Less)
Abstract
According to Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Swedish Penal Code there is an obligation to, when specifically prescribed, reveal an imminent or ongoing crime. This obligation has been stipulated in Swedish criminal law for a long time. The obligation has mainly been applicable in cases of particularly serious crimes such as high treason and espionage, but recently also in cases of crimes of theft and acts of violence such as robbery and rape.
To conduct research and write the thesis, a legal method has been applied. To further enhance the relevance of the method it has been combined with a critical perspective. The purpose of the thesis has been to describe both Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Penal Code and the reason for the difficulties of... (More)
According to Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Swedish Penal Code there is an obligation to, when specifically prescribed, reveal an imminent or ongoing crime. This obligation has been stipulated in Swedish criminal law for a long time. The obligation has mainly been applicable in cases of particularly serious crimes such as high treason and espionage, but recently also in cases of crimes of theft and acts of violence such as robbery and rape.
To conduct research and write the thesis, a legal method has been applied. To further enhance the relevance of the method it has been combined with a critical perspective. The purpose of the thesis has been to describe both Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Penal Code and the reason for the difficulties of prosecuting an individual for failure to reveal a crime.
Tougher measures against crime often stem from the public opinion and, in an ambition to prosecute crimes, the above-mentioned section may not be entirely unimportant. The idea is that crimes should be averted by revelations pursuant to Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Swedish Penal Code. However, the regulation has rarely been practiced. Until 2017, the section had not been under judicial proceeding by the Swedish Supreme Court since 1932. The subject is therefore of particular interest after the Supreme Court’s decision, NJA 2017 p. 515, which further seems to restrict the applicability of the section in question.
The difficulty with practical applicability of the section is probably caused by the fact that it is difficult for the public to comprehend when the obligation to reveal a crime is relevant and that the period of time during which it actually is relevant often is short-lived. An additional hindrance to the applicability of the section is the provision that revealing a crime should be possible without exposing oneself, or anyone else, to danger.
Prior to the Supreme Court's decision in 2017, it has regularly been accentuated that the section can be used as a so-called “reserve section”. This aims at cases where someone has primarily been charged for complicity and, secondly, for failure to reveal the same crime. When it has not been possible to prove more than that the person in question had knowledge of the crime, the prevalent opinion has been that the accused could at least be convicted in accordance with the alternative charge. According to the Supreme Court's decision in NJA 2017 p. 515, one should henceforth disregard previous statements regarding the use of the section as a reserve provision. According to the Supreme Court, it is not possible to primarily claim someone is in charge of an act and then secondly claim failure to reveal that same act. It goes against the provision that revelations of crime shall be possible to make without exposing oneself to danger, and it also contradicts the right not to incriminate oneself set out in article 6.1 of the ECHR.
Over time, the scope of the section has been extended to later be reduced. Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Swedish Penal Code has seldom been applicable in practice and with regard to NJA 2017 p. 515 the possibility of future applicability seems even more problematic. Obviously, the section is in need of a reform to gain practical significance. Due to NJA 2017 p. 515 and the conflict of interest to ECHR article 6.1 such a reform would probably face tangible obstacles. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Stridh, Kajsa LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20182
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, underlåtenhet att avslöja brott, failure to reveal crime
language
Swedish
id
8965570
date added to LUP
2019-03-11 11:18:53
date last changed
2019-03-11 11:18:53
@misc{8965570,
  abstract     = {{According to Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Swedish Penal Code there is an obligation to, when specifically prescribed, reveal an imminent or ongoing crime. This obligation has been stipulated in Swedish criminal law for a long time. The obligation has mainly been applicable in cases of particularly serious crimes such as high treason and espionage, but recently also in cases of crimes of theft and acts of violence such as robbery and rape.
To conduct research and write the thesis, a legal method has been applied. To further enhance the relevance of the method it has been combined with a critical perspective. The purpose of the thesis has been to describe both Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Penal Code and the reason for the difficulties of prosecuting an individual for failure to reveal a crime.
Tougher measures against crime often stem from the public opinion and, in an ambition to prosecute crimes, the above-mentioned section may not be entirely unimportant. The idea is that crimes should be averted by revelations pursuant to Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Swedish Penal Code. However, the regulation has rarely been practiced. Until 2017, the section had not been under judicial proceeding by the Swedish Supreme Court since 1932. The subject is therefore of particular interest after the Supreme Court’s decision, NJA 2017 p. 515, which further seems to restrict the applicability of the section in question.
The difficulty with practical applicability of the section is probably caused by the fact that it is difficult for the public to comprehend when the obligation to reveal a crime is relevant and that the period of time during which it actually is relevant often is short-lived. An additional hindrance to the applicability of the section is the provision that revealing a crime should be possible without exposing oneself, or anyone else, to danger. 
Prior to the Supreme Court's decision in 2017, it has regularly been accentuated that the section can be used as a so-called “reserve section”. This aims at cases where someone has primarily been charged for complicity and, secondly, for failure to reveal the same crime. When it has not been possible to prove more than that the person in question had knowledge of the crime, the prevalent opinion has been that the accused could at least be convicted in accordance with the alternative charge. According to the Supreme Court's decision in NJA 2017 p. 515, one should henceforth disregard previous statements regarding the use of the section as a reserve provision. According to the Supreme Court, it is not possible to primarily claim someone is in charge of an act and then secondly claim failure to reveal that same act. It goes against the provision that revelations of crime shall be possible to make without exposing oneself to danger, and it also contradicts the right not to incriminate oneself set out in article 6.1 of the ECHR.
Over time, the scope of the section has been extended to later be reduced. Chapter 23, Section 6 of the Swedish Penal Code has seldom been applicable in practice and with regard to NJA 2017 p. 515 the possibility of future applicability seems even more problematic. Obviously, the section is in need of a reform to gain practical significance. Due to NJA 2017 p. 515 and the conflict of interest to ECHR article 6.1 such a reform would probably face tangible obstacles.}},
  author       = {{Stridh, Kajsa}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Underlåtenhet att avslöja brott - 23 kap 6 § BrB och dess praktiska tillämplighet}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}