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Om skälig tolkning och tolkning av skälighet - En analys av sambandet mellan skälighet och den gemensamma partsviljans betydelse i avtalstolkningen och generalklausulen

Reimer, Johan LU (2018) JURM02 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Framställningen tar upp sambandet mellan skälighet och den gemensamma partsviljan inom ramen för jämkning och avtalstolkning. Frågeställningarna innefattar främst i vilken mån som partsviljan beaktas inom ramen för jämkning, samt i vilken mån skälighetsöverväganden görs inom ramen för avtalstolkning. Detta analyseras sedan i förhållande till grundläggande avtalsrättsliga principer som avtalsfrihet och principen om att avtal ska hållas.

Även om skälighetsbedömningen är en objektiv prövning utifrån samtliga tillgängliga data så framgår det i framställningen att partsviljan fortfarande spelar en viktig roll. Den gemensamma partsviljan ligger som ett fundament som domstolarna ogärna frångår om inte omständigheterna vid avtalets ingående... (More)
Framställningen tar upp sambandet mellan skälighet och den gemensamma partsviljan inom ramen för jämkning och avtalstolkning. Frågeställningarna innefattar främst i vilken mån som partsviljan beaktas inom ramen för jämkning, samt i vilken mån skälighetsöverväganden görs inom ramen för avtalstolkning. Detta analyseras sedan i förhållande till grundläggande avtalsrättsliga principer som avtalsfrihet och principen om att avtal ska hållas.

Även om skälighetsbedömningen är en objektiv prövning utifrån samtliga tillgängliga data så framgår det i framställningen att partsviljan fortfarande spelar en viktig roll. Den gemensamma partsviljan ligger som ett fundament som domstolarna ogärna frångår om inte omständigheterna vid avtalets ingående eller partsställningen motiverar det. Det konstateras också att användandet av den dispositiva rätten inom jämkning leder till att vissa dispositiva regler blir nästintill att jämställa med tvingande regler på grund av deras påverkan på skälighetsbedömningen.

Avtalstolkning handlar i grunden om att finna den gemensamma partsviljan. Trots detta kan konstateras att domstolarna gör rimlighetsavvägningar och skälighetsöverväganden inom ramen för avtalstolkningen. Detta görs genom att domstolarna presumerar att parterna har sökt åstadkomma ett skäligt avtal och att tolkningen av ett visst villkor därför bör ligga så nära en skälig lösning som möjligt. Motsvarande gäller även vid användandet av dispositiv rätt. Domstolarna presumerar även då att parterna har sökt åstadkomma en ordning som liknar den dispositiva rätten om inte något annat framgår klart och tydligt. Därför bör en tolkning också ligga så nära den dispositiva rätten som möjligt.

I slutsatserna kritiseras ordningen att domstolarna i allt högre grad beaktar icke partsspecifika omständigheter inom ramen för avtalstolkningen. Detta då det riskerar förutsebarheten, och enligt författarens mening begränsas även avtalsfriheten alltmer till förmån för lagstiftarens välavvägda normal-lösningar. Om det är så att svenska avtalsrätten bör röra sig mer mot en materiell avtalsrätt, där den gemensamma partsviljan och som den kommer till uttryck i avtalet får ge vika för lagstiftarens välavvägda normallösningar, ställs höga krav på domstolarna att klargöra vid vilka tillfällen en skälig lösning är att föredra framför en som speglar den gemensamma partsavsikten. (Less)
Abstract
The thesis addresses the relationship between unreasonableness and the common will of the party within the assessment of unreasonableness within Article 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act and the interpretation of contracts. The main focus lies with to what extent the courts within their assessment of a contract’s reasonableness consider the common will of the contracting parties, and to what extent the courts consider arguments of reasonableness within the interpretation of contracts. This is then related to the fundamental principles of contract law such as the freedom of contract and the principle that agreements must be kept (pacta sunt servanda).

Although the assessment of reasonableness of a contract is an objective assessment,... (More)
The thesis addresses the relationship between unreasonableness and the common will of the party within the assessment of unreasonableness within Article 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act and the interpretation of contracts. The main focus lies with to what extent the courts within their assessment of a contract’s reasonableness consider the common will of the contracting parties, and to what extent the courts consider arguments of reasonableness within the interpretation of contracts. This is then related to the fundamental principles of contract law such as the freedom of contract and the principle that agreements must be kept (pacta sunt servanda).

Although the assessment of reasonableness of a contract is an objective assessment, taking into account all available circumstances, it will be argued that the common will of the parties still plays an important role. The common will of the parties lies as a foundation within Swedish contract law. The courts are unwilling to depart from the common will of the party, as long as the parties have been able to express their free and informed will. It is only when the circumstances when the parties entered into the contract motivate an adjustment according to article 36 that the courts are willing to depart from the common will of the parties. It is also stated that the use of the optional law in the assessment of the reasonableness of a contract clause leads to the fact that certain optional rules are almost equivalent to mandatory rules, because of their influence on the reasonableness assessment.

The interpretation of contracts within Swedish contract law is normally described as the process of finding the common will of the contracting parties. Nevertheless, there are many cases where Swedish courts consider arguments of reasonableness as opposed to finding the actual or hypothetical common will of the parties. The courts presume that the common will of the parties is equate of a reasonable contract, and that the parties do not intend to deviate from optional law unless that is clearly stated. The court therefore claims that the interpretation of a contract should be as close to optional law as possible.

In the conclusions, the thesis criticizes the fact that the courts are increasingly considering non-party-specific circumstances within the interpretation of contracts. The principle of freedom of contract and the foreseeability of the parties are at risk in favor of the legislator’s “well balanced” one-fits-all solutions. (Less)
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author
Reimer, Johan LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
About reasonable interpretation and interpretation of reasonableness - An analysis of the relationship between unreasonableness and the common will of the party within the assessment of unreasonableness and the interpretation of contracts
course
JURM02 20182
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Civilrätt, Förmögenhetsrätt, Avtalsrätt, Skälighet, Oskälighet, Tolkning, Avtalstolkning, Generalklausulen, Avtalsfrihet
language
Swedish
id
8965712
date added to LUP
2019-01-31 13:10:50
date last changed
2019-01-31 13:10:50
@misc{8965712,
  abstract     = {{The thesis addresses the relationship between unreasonableness and the common will of the party within the assessment of unreasonableness within Article 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act and the interpretation of contracts. The main focus lies with to what extent the courts within their assessment of a contract’s reasonableness consider the common will of the contracting parties, and to what extent the courts consider arguments of reasonableness within the interpretation of contracts. This is then related to the fundamental principles of contract law such as the freedom of contract and the principle that agreements must be kept (pacta sunt servanda).

Although the assessment of reasonableness of a contract is an objective assessment, taking into account all available circumstances, it will be argued that the common will of the parties still plays an important role. The common will of the parties lies as a foundation within Swedish contract law. The courts are unwilling to depart from the common will of the party, as long as the parties have been able to express their free and informed will. It is only when the circumstances when the parties entered into the contract motivate an adjustment according to article 36 that the courts are willing to depart from the common will of the parties. It is also stated that the use of the optional law in the assessment of the reasonableness of a contract clause leads to the fact that certain optional rules are almost equivalent to mandatory rules, because of their influence on the reasonableness assessment.

The interpretation of contracts within Swedish contract law is normally described as the process of finding the common will of the contracting parties. Nevertheless, there are many cases where Swedish courts consider arguments of reasonableness as opposed to finding the actual or hypothetical common will of the parties. The courts presume that the common will of the parties is equate of a reasonable contract, and that the parties do not intend to deviate from optional law unless that is clearly stated. The court therefore claims that the interpretation of a contract should be as close to optional law as possible. 

In the conclusions, the thesis criticizes the fact that the courts are increasingly considering non-party-specific circumstances within the interpretation of contracts. The principle of freedom of contract and the foreseeability of the parties are at risk in favor of the legislator’s “well balanced” one-fits-all solutions.}},
  author       = {{Reimer, Johan}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Om skälig tolkning och tolkning av skälighet - En analys av sambandet mellan skälighet och den gemensamma partsviljans betydelse i avtalstolkningen och generalklausulen}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}