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En kritisk studie av Högsta domstolens tillämpning av ställningsfullmakten

Mertens, Henrik LU (2018) JURM02 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Ställningsfullmakt är en viktig fullmakt som kommer till uttryck i 10 § andra stycket avtalslagen. Enligt regeln kan en person vara behörig att företa rättshandlingar för huvudmannens räkning på grund av att fullmäktige intagit en viss ställning genom avtal med huvudmannen. Exempelvis är ett butiksbiträde genom sin anställning behörig att motta betalning från butikens kunder för butikägarens räkning. En förutsättning för att en viss befattningshavare i egenskap av sin ställning ska vara behörig att företräda huvudmannen är att detta följer av lag eller sedvänja. I denna uppsats har jag valt att undersöka om begreppet sedvänja i 10 § andra stycket avtalslagen har tolkats på ett sådant sätt i Högsta domstolens praxis som är förenligt med... (More)
Ställningsfullmakt är en viktig fullmakt som kommer till uttryck i 10 § andra stycket avtalslagen. Enligt regeln kan en person vara behörig att företa rättshandlingar för huvudmannens räkning på grund av att fullmäktige intagit en viss ställning genom avtal med huvudmannen. Exempelvis är ett butiksbiträde genom sin anställning behörig att motta betalning från butikens kunder för butikägarens räkning. En förutsättning för att en viss befattningshavare i egenskap av sin ställning ska vara behörig att företräda huvudmannen är att detta följer av lag eller sedvänja. I denna uppsats har jag valt att undersöka om begreppet sedvänja i 10 § andra stycket avtalslagen har tolkats på ett sådant sätt i Högsta domstolens praxis som är förenligt med ställningsfullmaktens syfte, eller om det skett en glidning under senare år så att sevänjebegreppet börjat förlora sin relevans.

Varken i avtalslagen eller i motiven till avtalslagen ges någon klar definition av begreppet sedvänja. I motiven beskrivs sedvänja i mycket generella termer som ”gängse skick och bruk”, ”rådande rättsuppfattningen” och den ”gängse uppfattningen”. Frågan är då vilken betydelse begreppet sedvänja i 10 § andra stycket har? I praxis framgår det att Högsta domstolen i flera äldre rättsfall utökat tillämpningsområdet för ställningsfullmakten genom att inte lägga avgörande betydelse vid begreppet sedvänja. Istället har olika omständigheter som gett tredje man ett befogat intryck av fullmäktiges behörighet i det enskilda fallet varit avgörande.

Ett trendbrott i hur Högsta domstolen behandlat rättsfall rörande ställningsfullmakt skedde emellertid i början av 1990-talet. I dessa rättsfall har Högsta domstolen i ett första steg prövat om behörighet förelegat enligt 10 § andra stycket avtalslagen. Högsta domstolen har i detta steg förutsatt att sedvänja ska visas med stöd av en branschundersökning för att behörighet ska föreligga. Om det inte är visat att fullmäktige är behörig på grund av sedvänja har domstolen i ett andra steg prövat om omständigheterna i det enskilda fallet varit sådana att tredje man fått ett befogat intryck av fullmäktiges behörighet.

I slutsatsen kritiserar jag att Högsta domstolen ansett att sedvänja ska visas med stöd av branschundersökningar eftersom det innebär stora svårigheter för tredje man att visa att fullmäktige varit behörig på denna grund. Genom denna rättstillämning anser jag därför att begreppet sedvänja förlorat sin relevans eftersom rekvisitet inte är praktiskt tillämpbart. Istället har kombinationsfullmakt ersatt ställningsfullmakt grundad på sedvänja. Det framstår som att Högsta domstolen i dessa rättsfall beaktat ställningsfullmaktens syfte. Ett undantag är emellertid NJA 2014 s. 684. I rättsfallet har Högsta domstolen utöver tredje mans befogade tillit ställt upp ytterligare ett krav i form av ett insiktsrekvisit. Insiktsrekvistet framstår som oförenligt med ställningsfullmaktens syfte. (Less)
Abstract
Implied authority is an important form of power of attorney that is expressed in the 10 §, second paragraph, Contract Act. According to this law, a person (the agent) can have the authority to perform legal transactions on behalf of an organization through his position in the company. For example, a store clerk is through his employment authorized to receive payment from clients on behalf of the store owner. A prerequisite for an employee at a certain position in a company to have the authority to act as an agent for his employer is that this follows law or is considered general custom. In this paper, I have chosen to investigate whether the concept of general custom, as expressed in the 10 §, second paragraph, Contract Act, has been... (More)
Implied authority is an important form of power of attorney that is expressed in the 10 §, second paragraph, Contract Act. According to this law, a person (the agent) can have the authority to perform legal transactions on behalf of an organization through his position in the company. For example, a store clerk is through his employment authorized to receive payment from clients on behalf of the store owner. A prerequisite for an employee at a certain position in a company to have the authority to act as an agent for his employer is that this follows law or is considered general custom. In this paper, I have chosen to investigate whether the concept of general custom, as expressed in the 10 §, second paragraph, Contract Act, has been interpreted in such a way by the Supreme Court that it is compatible with the purpose of implied authority, or whether there in recent years has occurred a shift in the interpretation, so that the concept of general custom is becoming irrelevant.

Neither the Contract Act, nor the motives behind the law, provides any clear definition of the concept general custom. In the motives, general custom is described in sweeping terms as being in accordance with “customs and traditions”, “conception of legality” and “the general view”. The question, then, is what significance the concept of general custom in the 10 §, second paragraph has. In practice, it turns out that the Supreme Court in several older cases has extended the meaning of implied authority by not giving full weight to general custom. Instead, various other circumstances in the particular cases have been deemed decisive for giving third party a justified impression of the agent’s authority.

However, a change of trends in how the Supreme Court handles cases concerning implied authority occurred in the early 1990s. In these cases, the Supreme Court, as a first step, evaluated whether authority existed in accordance with the 10 §, second paragraph, Contract Act; in this step, the Supreme Court has presumed that general custom should be supported by industry surveys, in order for implied authority to be present. If implied authority could not be shown to exist through general custom, the court, in a second step, evaluated whether the particular circumstances in the case were such that third party had got a justified impression of the agent’s authority.

In my concluding remarks, I criticize the Supreme Court for its view that general custom should be supported by industry surveys, because this practice makes it very difficult for third party to show that the agent was authorized. Through this legal practice, I thus believe that the concept of general custom has lost its relevance, because the necessary prerequisite is not practically applicable. Instead, apparent authority based on third party’s justified impression of the agent’s authority has replaced implied authority based on general custom; it appears as if the Supreme Court in these cases has put emphasis on the purpose of the concept of implied authority. One exception, however, is NJA 2014 p. 684: in this case, the Supreme Court has, in addition to the justified impression of third party, added another requirement in the form of a precondition of insight, which appears to be at odds with the purpose of the concept of implied authority. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Mertens, Henrik LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
A critical study of the Supreme Court's application of implied authority
course
JURM02 20182
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Civilrätt, avtalsrätt, private law
language
Swedish
id
8969712
date added to LUP
2019-04-03 13:17:15
date last changed
2019-04-03 13:17:15
@misc{8969712,
  abstract     = {{Implied authority is an important form of power of attorney that is expressed in the 10 §, second paragraph, Contract Act. According to this law, a person (the agent) can have the authority to perform legal transactions on behalf of an organization through his position in the company. For example, a store clerk is through his employment authorized to receive payment from clients on behalf of the store owner. A prerequisite for an employee at a certain position in a company to have the authority to act as an agent for his employer is that this follows law or is considered general custom. In this paper, I have chosen to investigate whether the concept of general custom, as expressed in the 10 §, second paragraph, Contract Act, has been interpreted in such a way by the Supreme Court that it is compatible with the purpose of implied authority, or whether there in recent years has occurred a shift in the interpretation, so that the concept of general custom is becoming irrelevant. 
 
Neither the Contract Act, nor the motives behind the law, provides any clear definition of the concept general custom. In the motives, general custom is described in sweeping terms as being in accordance with “customs and traditions”, “conception of legality” and “the general view”. The question, then, is what significance the concept of general custom in the 10 §, second paragraph has. In practice, it turns out that the Supreme Court in several older cases has extended the meaning of implied authority by not giving full weight to general custom. Instead, various other circumstances in the particular cases have been deemed decisive for giving third party a justified impression of the agent’s authority. 

However, a change of trends in how the Supreme Court handles cases concerning implied authority occurred in the early 1990s. In these cases, the Supreme Court, as a first step, evaluated whether authority existed in accordance with the 10 §, second paragraph, Contract Act; in this step, the Supreme Court has presumed that general custom should be supported by industry surveys, in order for implied authority to be present. If implied authority could not be shown to exist through general custom, the court, in a second step, evaluated whether the particular circumstances in the case were such that third party had got a justified impression of the agent’s authority. 

In my concluding remarks, I criticize the Supreme Court for its view that general custom should be supported by industry surveys, because this practice makes it very difficult for third party to show that the agent was authorized. Through this legal practice, I thus believe that the concept of general custom has lost its relevance, because the necessary prerequisite is not practically applicable. Instead, apparent authority based on third party’s justified impression of the agent’s authority has replaced implied authority based on general custom; it appears as if the Supreme Court in these cases has put emphasis on the purpose of the concept of implied authority. One exception, however, is NJA 2014 p. 684: in this case, the Supreme Court has, in addition to the justified impression of third party, added another requirement in the form of a precondition of insight, which appears to be at odds with the purpose of the concept of implied authority.}},
  author       = {{Mertens, Henrik}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{En kritisk studie av Högsta domstolens tillämpning av ställningsfullmakten}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}