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Hypotetiska händelseförlopp - Om åberopande och bevisning av det som inte har hänt

Fäldt, Gustav LU (2018) JURM02 20182
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Generellt sett gäller tvister vad som har inträffat i verkligheten och parternas faktaberättelser består av faktiska omständigheter. Vilken betydelse som en omständighet får för utgången av en tvist avgörs av vilken processrättslig kategori som omständigheten hänförs till. Vilka omständigheter som parterna måste åberopa för att domstolen ska få beakta dem avgörs av reglerna om åberopsbörda. När parterna är oense om vad som faktiskt har inträffat tar domstolen hjälp av reglerna om bevisbörda och beviskrav för att avgöra vilket fastslaget händelseförlopp som rättstillämpningen ska utgå ifrån.

I en del tvister är det dock inte tillräckligt att domstolen fastställer ett faktiskt händelseförlopp. Det kan nämligen vara direkt avgörande för... (More)
Generellt sett gäller tvister vad som har inträffat i verkligheten och parternas faktaberättelser består av faktiska omständigheter. Vilken betydelse som en omständighet får för utgången av en tvist avgörs av vilken processrättslig kategori som omständigheten hänförs till. Vilka omständigheter som parterna måste åberopa för att domstolen ska få beakta dem avgörs av reglerna om åberopsbörda. När parterna är oense om vad som faktiskt har inträffat tar domstolen hjälp av reglerna om bevisbörda och beviskrav för att avgöra vilket fastslaget händelseförlopp som rättstillämpningen ska utgå ifrån.

I en del tvister är det dock inte tillräckligt att domstolen fastställer ett faktiskt händelseförlopp. Det kan nämligen vara direkt avgörande för målets utgång vad som skulle ha hänt om verkligheten hade varit beskaffad på ett annorlunda sätt. Mer konkret; det kan i en del tvister vara avgörande för tvistens utgång vad som skulle ha hänt om inte svaranden hade agerat på ett visst sätt. Sådana tankeövningar aktualiseras dels för att avgöra om det finns ett orsakssamband mellan en viss handling eller underlåtenhet och en påstådd skada, dels för att avgöra storleken på en eventuell skada. Även culpabedömningen kan ha hypotetiska inslag.

För att analysera om en viss handling har orsakat en skada jämförs det faktiska händelseförloppet, d.v.s. vad som har inträffat, med ett hypotetiskt händelseförlopp, i vilket handlingen inte hade inträffat. Handlingen tänks alltså bort i det hypotetiska händelseförloppet. Är det i stället fråga om en skadeståndsgrundande underlåtenhet jämförs det faktiska händelseförloppet med ett hypotetiskt händelseförlopp, där en viss handling sätts i stället för underlåtenheten. I det hypotetiska händelseförloppet ersätts alltså underlåtenheten av en hypotetisk handling. Givet att utfallet av tankeexperimentet blir att skadan inte skulle ha uppkommit i det hypotetiska händelseförloppet föreligger det ett orsakssamband mellan det skadeståndsgrundande momentet, i form av en handling eller en underlåtenhet, och den uppstådda skadan. På motsvarande sätt kan storleken på en skada bestämmas som skillnaden mellan det ekonomiska utfallet av det faktiska händelseförloppet och det ekonomiska utfallet så som det skulle ha blivit i det hypotetiska händelseförloppet.

I en tvist där en hypotetisk händelseutveckling är avgörande händer det givetvis att parterna är oense om vad som skulle ha skett i det hypotetiska händelseförloppet. För att kunna genomföra det tankeexperiment vars utfall avgör frågorna om orsakssamband och skadans värdering krävs det emellertid att domstolen avgör vilket hypotetiskt händelseförlopp som ska jämföras med det faktiska händelseförloppet i målet.

När det hypotetiska händelseförloppet ska bestämmas ställs domstolen inför en rad frågor. Till vilken processrättslig faktakategori ska domstolen räkna hypotetiska omständigheter? Är någon av parterna tvungen att ange det hypotetiska händelseförloppet eller kan domstolen bestämma det själv, d.v.s. finns det en åberopsbörda för hypotetiska händelseförlopp? Och avslutningsvis, kan någon av parterna verkligen bli bevisskyldig för något som inte har inträffat och som därför inte har lämnat några spår efter sig? Hur domstolen väljer att hantera det hypotetiska händelseförloppet blir en avgörande fråga i många skadeståndstvister.

I NJA 2011 s. 718, NJA 2013 s. 145, NJA 2014 s. 272 och NJA 2017 s. 9 har HD behandlat hypotetiska händelseförlopp i samband med orsaksanalysen samt vid skadebestämningen. Prejudikaten ger inga enhetliga svar på hur hypotetiska omständigheter ska kategoriseras ur ett processrättsligt perspektiv och om det finns någon åberopsbörda kopplad till hypotetiska omständigheter. Beträffande bevisning av hypotetiska fakta verkar HD:s praxis ge stöd för att bevissvårigheterna som är förenade med sådana omständigheter tenderar att motivera bevislättnader av olika slag. (Less)
Abstract
Disputes generally revolve around what, in reality, has occurred and the parties, therefore, tend to focus on presenting different stories as to how the dispute arose in the first instance. In deciding which series of events should form the basis for the application of the law in question, the court seeks guidance from a plethora of procedural rules. These rules state (i) which party must provide the specific circumstances which the court consequently considers in its judicial capacity (burden of reference) (sw. åberopsbörda), (ii) which party bears the onus of providing evidence for a circumstance whose existence is doubtful (burden of evidence) (sw. bevisbörda) and (iii) the particular quality that the evidence must possess in order for... (More)
Disputes generally revolve around what, in reality, has occurred and the parties, therefore, tend to focus on presenting different stories as to how the dispute arose in the first instance. In deciding which series of events should form the basis for the application of the law in question, the court seeks guidance from a plethora of procedural rules. These rules state (i) which party must provide the specific circumstances which the court consequently considers in its judicial capacity (burden of reference) (sw. åberopsbörda), (ii) which party bears the onus of providing evidence for a circumstance whose existence is doubtful (burden of evidence) (sw. bevisbörda) and (iii) the particular quality that the evidence must possess in order for the circumstance to be considered proved (sw. beviskrav).

In some disputes, however, the determination by the court of the mere actuality of occurrence is insufficient. Consideration by the court of what would have happened had particular facts been altered can be directly relevant. More precisely; the outcome of the dispute and thus arguments canvassed in the court room can focus on what would have happened if the defendant had not acted in a certain way. Such reasoning is significant, both to decide whether a specific action or omission has caused the alleged damage and to determine the quantum of damage. Furthermore, the decision as to whether a defendant has been negligent can have hypothetical elements.

To analyze whether a specific negligent action has caused damage, the course of factual events is compared to a hypothetical factual matrix in which the negligent action did not occur. Consequently, the alleged conduct is removed from the factual course of events being considered. If it is instead an omission, the factual course of events is compared to a hypothetical course of events in which the negligent omission is replaced by a certain action. Given that the outcome of the comparison is that the damage would not have occurred in the hypothetical course of events, the action or the omission has caused the alleged damage. In a corresponding way, the quantum of damage can be decided as the difference between the factual economic outcome of a certain situation and the economic outcome of the hypothetical course of events.

The parties in a dispute can have various perspectives as to what actually transpired. In the same way, they can have divergent opinions on what would have happened in a hypothetical scenario. To be able to conduct the comparison, the outcome of which decides the questions of causation and quantum, the court must decide what hypothetical facts form the base for such a comparison.

In order to decide this hypothetical chain of events, the court stands before a number of questions. Firstly, to what procedural category of facts do hypothetical facts belong? Secondly, is there a burden of reference for a hypothetical course of events? Thirdly, can a party bear the burden of proof for a hypothetical circumstance, which has not occurred and therefore has not left any traces? How the court handles these questions is fundamental to many disputes.

In NJA 2011 p. 718, NJA 2013 p. 145, NJA 2014 p. 272 and NJA 2017 p. 9, the Supreme Court has handled hypothetical events with respect to the causal connection between actions or omissions and alleged damage and with respect to damage assessment. The precedents provide an ambiguous answer as to the correct categorization of hypothetical facts from a procedural perspective and whether there is a burden of reference connected to hypothetical facts. From an evidential perspective, it seems as though case precedent supports the view that hypothetical events can be subject to burden of proof, but the difficulties to provide evidence on circumstances that have not occurred can motivate evidentiary alleviations of different kinds. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Fäldt, Gustav LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Hypothetical chains of events - About burden of reference and evidence for circumstances which have not occurred
course
JURM02 20182
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
förmögenhetsrätt, skadeståndsrätt, processrätt, civilrätt, civil procedure
language
Swedish
id
8972782
date added to LUP
2019-04-04 14:32:45
date last changed
2019-04-04 14:32:45
@misc{8972782,
  abstract     = {{Disputes generally revolve around what, in reality, has occurred and the parties, therefore, tend to focus on presenting different stories as to how the dispute arose in the first instance. In deciding which series of events should form the basis for the application of the law in question, the court seeks guidance from a plethora of procedural rules. These rules state (i) which party must provide the specific circumstances which the court consequently considers in its judicial capacity (burden of reference) (sw. åberopsbörda), (ii) which party bears the onus of providing evidence for a circumstance whose existence is doubtful (burden of evidence) (sw. bevisbörda) and (iii) the particular quality that the evidence must possess in order for the circumstance to be considered proved (sw. beviskrav).

In some disputes, however, the determination by the court of the mere actuality of occurrence is insufficient. Consideration by the court of what would have happened had particular facts been altered can be directly relevant. More precisely; the outcome of the dispute and thus arguments canvassed in the court room can focus on what would have happened if the defendant had not acted in a certain way. Such reasoning is significant, both to decide whether a specific action or omission has caused the alleged damage and to determine the quantum of damage. Furthermore, the decision as to whether a defendant has been negligent can have hypothetical elements. 

To analyze whether a specific negligent action has caused damage, the course of factual events is compared to a hypothetical factual matrix in which the negligent action did not occur. Consequently, the alleged conduct is removed from the factual course of events being considered. If it is instead an omission, the factual course of events is compared to a hypothetical course of events in which the negligent omission is replaced by a certain action. Given that the outcome of the comparison is that the damage would not have occurred in the hypothetical course of events, the action or the omission has caused the alleged damage. In a corresponding way, the quantum of damage can be decided as the difference between the factual economic outcome of a certain situation and the economic outcome of the hypothetical course of events.

The parties in a dispute can have various perspectives as to what actually transpired. In the same way, they can have divergent opinions on what would have happened in a hypothetical scenario. To be able to conduct the comparison, the outcome of which decides the questions of causation and quantum, the court must decide what hypothetical facts form the base for such a comparison.

In order to decide this hypothetical chain of events, the court stands before a number of questions. Firstly, to what procedural category of facts do hypothetical facts belong? Secondly, is there a burden of reference for a hypothetical course of events? Thirdly, can a party bear the burden of proof for a hypothetical circumstance, which has not occurred and therefore has not left any traces? How the court handles these questions is fundamental to many disputes.

In NJA 2011 p. 718, NJA 2013 p. 145, NJA 2014 p. 272 and NJA 2017 p. 9, the Supreme Court has handled hypothetical events with respect to the causal connection between actions or omissions and alleged damage and with respect to damage assessment. The precedents provide an ambiguous answer as to the correct categorization of hypothetical facts from a procedural perspective and whether there is a burden of reference connected to hypothetical facts. From an evidential perspective, it seems as though case precedent supports the view that hypothetical events can be subject to burden of proof, but the difficulties to provide evidence on circumstances that have not occurred can motivate evidentiary alleviations of different kinds.}},
  author       = {{Fäldt, Gustav}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Hypotetiska händelseförlopp - Om åberopande och bevisning av det som inte har hänt}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}