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Är det brottsligt att frihetsberöva? – Om frihetsberövanden inom vård- och omsorgsverksamhet ur ett straffrättsligt perspektiv

Gustavsson, Malin LU (2019) LAGF03 20191
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Inom omsorgsverksamhet uppstår ibland situationer där personalen ser en frihetsberövande åtgärd som nödvändig för att fullfölja sin omsorgs- och tillsynsplikt. Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda hur gränsen dras mellan brottsliga och icke brottsliga frihetsberövanden inom nyss nämnda kontext. I avsaknad av särskild reglering med relevans för bedömningen är allmänna straffrättsliga regler och principer och dess samspel med kriminaliseringen av olaga frihetsberövande avgörande. Studien har gjorts utifrån en rättsanalytisk metod där prejudikatet NJA 2018 s. 1051 har stått i centrum och studerats i relation till tidigare praxis samt doktrin och förarbeten.

Bakgrunden till 2018 års fall var att en sjuksköterska på ett vård- och... (More)
Inom omsorgsverksamhet uppstår ibland situationer där personalen ser en frihetsberövande åtgärd som nödvändig för att fullfölja sin omsorgs- och tillsynsplikt. Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda hur gränsen dras mellan brottsliga och icke brottsliga frihetsberövanden inom nyss nämnda kontext. I avsaknad av särskild reglering med relevans för bedömningen är allmänna straffrättsliga regler och principer och dess samspel med kriminaliseringen av olaga frihetsberövande avgörande. Studien har gjorts utifrån en rättsanalytisk metod där prejudikatet NJA 2018 s. 1051 har stått i centrum och studerats i relation till tidigare praxis samt doktrin och förarbeten.

Bakgrunden till 2018 års fall var att en sjuksköterska på ett vård- och omsorgsboende hade stängt in en aggressiv boende på dennes rum. Högsta domstolen fann att agerandet konstituerade ett olaga frihetsberövande eftersom det inte var rättfärdigat med stöd av nödrätten, nödvärnsrätten eller social adekvans. Utredningen visade dock inte annat än att den tilltalade vid gärningstillfället trodde att åtgärden var tillåten inom ramen för hans yrkesroll. Han saknade således sådant uppsåt som krävs för att ett olaga frihetsberövande ska vara brottsligt och kunde följaktligen inte dömas.

En jämförelse med äldre praxis visar att den tilltalades yrkesroll och uppfattning om de befogenheter som följer av denna tillmättes vikt vid uppsåtsbedömningen i NJA 2018 s. 1051 på ett sätt som inte gjorts tidigare. Jag menar att Högsta domstolens domskäl ska tolkas som att domstolen har introducerat ett professionsundantag inom ramen för uppsåtsbedömningen. Innebörden av detta är att yrkesverksamma med ett tillsynsansvar i sin tjänst, i större utsträckning än andra, kan gå fria från ansvar för olaga frihetsberövande med hänvisning till uppsåtsbrist hänförlig till yrkesrollen.

Avsaknaden av särskild lagreglering beträffande frihetsberövanden inom omsorgsverksamhet gör gränsen mellan tillåtna och otillåtna frihetsberövanden oklar. Mot bakgrund av denna oklarhet kan professionsundantaget betraktas som naturligt och motiverat. Samtidigt framstår rådande ordning – där brister i exempelvis rutiner eller utbildning kan tänkas utgöra grund för bedömningen att den tilltalade saknade uppsåt i det enskilda fallet – inte som oproblematisk. (Less)
Abstract
In health and social care services situations may arise where the staff considers deprivation of liberty to be a necessary measure to fulfil their supervisory and care duties. This essay aims to examine how the line between criminal and noncriminal deprivations of liberty is being drawn in the context of health and social care. Whereas no specific regulations of relevance for the issue exist, general criminal law rules and principles and their interplay with the criminalization of unlawful deprivation of liberty are crucial for the assessment. The study has been based on a method of legal analysis where the Swedish Supreme Court case NJA 2018, p. 1051 has been focused on and analysed in relation to previous decisions as well as doctrine... (More)
In health and social care services situations may arise where the staff considers deprivation of liberty to be a necessary measure to fulfil their supervisory and care duties. This essay aims to examine how the line between criminal and noncriminal deprivations of liberty is being drawn in the context of health and social care. Whereas no specific regulations of relevance for the issue exist, general criminal law rules and principles and their interplay with the criminalization of unlawful deprivation of liberty are crucial for the assessment. The study has been based on a method of legal analysis where the Swedish Supreme Court case NJA 2018, p. 1051 has been focused on and analysed in relation to previous decisions as well as doctrine and legislative history.

The background to the case in 2018, as stated above, was that a nurse at a nursing home had locked in an aggressive resident in a room. The Supreme Court found that the act constituted an unlawful deprivation of liberty, since it could not be justified by necessity, self-defence or the principle of social adequacy. However, the investigation proved nothing other than that the accused person, by the time of the act, thought that the action was permitted within the framework of his professional role. He thus lacked such intent as is required to regard a deprivation of liberty a crime and could subsequently not be convicted.

A comparison with how the accused person’s intent has been assessed in previous cases shows that the accused person’s professional role, and his or her idea of which powers that come with it, was attached importance in NJA 2018, p. 1051 in a way not done before. I believe that the Supreme Court’s reasoning must be interpreted as introducing an exception, within the assessment of intent, for certain groups of professionals. The meaning of this is that professionals with supervisory duties, to a greater extent than others, may be acquitted of charge for unlawful deprivation of liberty, because of lacking intent attributable to their professional role.

The lack of specific legislation regarding deprivations of liberty within the frames of health and social care makes the line between criminal and noncriminal deprivations of liberty unclear. In the light of this unclearness, the exception for certain groups of professionals may be considered warranted. Nevertheless, the prevailing order – where for example unlawful practices or inadequate education might result in the assessment that the accused person had a lack of intent – does not appear as unproblematic. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Gustavsson, Malin LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20191
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, olaga frihetsberövande, NJA 2018 s. 1051, uppsåt, social adekvans, vård- och omsorg, fåtöljen
language
Swedish
id
8977180
date added to LUP
2019-09-16 10:26:25
date last changed
2019-09-16 10:26:25
@misc{8977180,
  abstract     = {{In health and social care services situations may arise where the staff considers deprivation of liberty to be a necessary measure to fulfil their supervisory and care duties. This essay aims to examine how the line between criminal and noncriminal deprivations of liberty is being drawn in the context of health and social care. Whereas no specific regulations of relevance for the issue exist, general criminal law rules and principles and their interplay with the criminalization of unlawful deprivation of liberty are crucial for the assessment. The study has been based on a method of legal analysis where the Swedish Supreme Court case NJA 2018, p. 1051 has been focused on and analysed in relation to previous decisions as well as doctrine and legislative history.

The background to the case in 2018, as stated above, was that a nurse at a nursing home had locked in an aggressive resident in a room. The Supreme Court found that the act constituted an unlawful deprivation of liberty, since it could not be justified by necessity, self-defence or the principle of social adequacy. However, the investigation proved nothing other than that the accused person, by the time of the act, thought that the action was permitted within the framework of his professional role. He thus lacked such intent as is required to regard a deprivation of liberty a crime and could subsequently not be convicted.

A comparison with how the accused person’s intent has been assessed in previous cases shows that the accused person’s professional role, and his or her idea of which powers that come with it, was attached importance in NJA 2018, p. 1051 in a way not done before. I believe that the Supreme Court’s reasoning must be interpreted as introducing an exception, within the assessment of intent, for certain groups of professionals. The meaning of this is that professionals with supervisory duties, to a greater extent than others, may be acquitted of charge for unlawful deprivation of liberty, because of lacking intent attributable to their professional role.

The lack of specific legislation regarding deprivations of liberty within the frames of health and social care makes the line between criminal and noncriminal deprivations of liberty unclear. In the light of this unclearness, the exception for certain groups of professionals may be considered warranted. Nevertheless, the prevailing order – where for example unlawful practices or inadequate education might result in the assessment that the accused person had a lack of intent – does not appear as unproblematic.}},
  author       = {{Gustavsson, Malin}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Är det brottsligt att frihetsberöva? – Om frihetsberövanden inom vård- och omsorgsverksamhet ur ett straffrättsligt perspektiv}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}