Kraftpaket på väg - Incitament för kunder samt marknader för en framtida aggregator av V2G
(2019) MVKM01 20191Department of Energy Sciences
- Abstract (Swedish)
- I ett framtida samhälle som inkluderar alltmer intermittent elproduktion och mindre svängmassa är det viktigt att hitta nya, snabba frekvensreglerande resurser för att bibehålla ett stabilt elsystem med säker energileverans. Ett exempel på en sådan resurs är batterier. En teknik som har fått alltmer uppmärksamhet de senaste åren är den så kallade ''Vehicle To Grid'' (V2G) teknologin, där elbilsbatterier har möjlighet till både kontrollerad uppladdning men även urladdning tillbaka in på nätet igen, beroende på behov och rådande situation. Då V2G redan är beprövat och bevisats teknisk gångbar, syftar detta arbete istället till att undersöka marknadsacceptansen för en V2G-baserad tjänst. En intervjustudie har inkluderats i syfte att undersöka... (More)
- I ett framtida samhälle som inkluderar alltmer intermittent elproduktion och mindre svängmassa är det viktigt att hitta nya, snabba frekvensreglerande resurser för att bibehålla ett stabilt elsystem med säker energileverans. Ett exempel på en sådan resurs är batterier. En teknik som har fått alltmer uppmärksamhet de senaste åren är den så kallade ''Vehicle To Grid'' (V2G) teknologin, där elbilsbatterier har möjlighet till både kontrollerad uppladdning men även urladdning tillbaka in på nätet igen, beroende på behov och rådande situation. Då V2G redan är beprövat och bevisats teknisk gångbar, syftar detta arbete istället till att undersöka marknadsacceptansen för en V2G-baserad tjänst. En intervjustudie har inkluderats i syfte att undersöka potentiella kunders intresse, farhågor och incitament för att genom ett avtal med en såkallad aggregator upplåta sina elbilsbatterier till dennes förfogande. De intervjuade aktörerna bestod av två huvudkundgrupper; företag som äger större bilflottor (både el- och konventionella fordon) och tillhandahållare av laddinfrastruktur, såsom parkeringsförvaltare i städer och på flygplatser. I arbetet studeras även hur användandet av V2G skulle kunna påverka batteriet rörande eventuellt slitage, tillsammans med en undersökning kring hur långt gången elbilsmarknaden är kopplat till implementeringen av V2G-teknologin i olika bilmodeller. Vidare har även den svenska elmarknaden undersökts rörande uppbyggnad, regler och (om detta fanns att tillgå) historisk prisstatistik för att få en uppfattning om var på marknaden aggregatorn med fördel bör bedriva handeln med den aggregerade energin.
Resultaten från analysen visar att det fanns ett utbrett intresse hos de intervjuade att ställa sina fordons kapacitet till förfogande för aggregatortjänsten då dessa ändå inte används för de aktiviteter som respektive verksamhet kräver. Studien visar också att incitamenten för att vara en del av tjänsten skiljer sig åt mellan aktörerna. Många av de intervjuade såg tjänsten som en möjlighet till att öka den ekonomiska nyttan av fordonen under dess livslängd. Aktörerna såg gärna att aggregatorn fick nyttja deras kapacitet mot att denne på ett enkelt sätt bidrog med laddinfrastrukturen. Flera av de intervjuade företagen uttryckte att det skulle vara positivt att kunna bidra med samhällsnytta, där ett åskådligörande av detta skulle kunna öka intresset ytterligare. Vidare framgick att de flesta företagen hade en relativt stor förutsägbarhet i sitt fordonsanvändande vilket är en fördel för en eventuell aggregator.
Detta arbete kunde inte ge en entydig bild av hur elbilsbatterierna påverkas av denna typ av frekvensregleringstjänst med ökad i- och urladdning och slitage kopplat till V2G. Vissa av de rapporter som undersöktes visar på att ett mindre slitage går att koppla till användandet av V2G. En av rapporterna påstår dock att tjänsten faktiskt skulle kunna vara positivt för batteriet, om den används för frekvensreglering med små in- och urladdningar av energi. Vid undersökningarna av de olika marknadsstrukturerna och dess regler kunde det konstateras att frekvensregleringsmarknaden i dagsläget är den marknad som lämpar sig bäst för aggregatorn att agera på. Positivt är också att marknadsmässiga omstruktureringar är på gång som ämnar underlätta ytterligare för nyttjandet av flexibilitet vilket är fördelaktigt för framväxten av en aggregator som kan erbjuda V2G-relaterade tjänster. Ekonomiska prisbilder och förutsättningar presenteras i rapporten. Med tanke på att den svenska elmarknaden, och även elsystemet i sin helhet, för närvarande genomgår stora förändringar bör dock de ekonomiska resultaten i detta arbete endast ses som en fingervisning av den ekonomiska potentialen för denna typ av tjänst i framtiden. (Less) - Abstract
- In a future society with an increasing amount of intermittent electricity production and lower inertia, it is important to find new, fast frequency-regulating resources to maintain a stable electrical system with a safe energy supply. One example of such a resource is batteries. A technology that has received increasing attention in recent years is the so-called ''Vehicle To Grid'' (V2G) technology, where electric car batteries have the possibility of both controlled charging but also discharging back into the power grid again, depending on the needs and prevailing situation. Since V2G is an already proven concept and technically viable, this work instead aims to examine the market acceptance for a V2G-service and where on the Swedish... (More)
- In a future society with an increasing amount of intermittent electricity production and lower inertia, it is important to find new, fast frequency-regulating resources to maintain a stable electrical system with a safe energy supply. One example of such a resource is batteries. A technology that has received increasing attention in recent years is the so-called ''Vehicle To Grid'' (V2G) technology, where electric car batteries have the possibility of both controlled charging but also discharging back into the power grid again, depending on the needs and prevailing situation. Since V2G is an already proven concept and technically viable, this work instead aims to examine the market acceptance for a V2G-service and where on the Swedish electricity market an aggregator of V2G-energy could beneficially act. As part of this investigation, a qualitative interview study was carried out in which ten potential customers were included with the aim of investigating what opportunities these would have to contribute to the service, but also what their incentives to participate would be. Furthermore the possible concerns and requirement specifications that they would have if they were to be offered a V2G service of an aggregator are investigated. The interviewed actors consists of two main customer groups; the first is companies that own larger car fleets (both electric and conventional vehicles) and the other one is providers of charging infrastructure, such as parking managers in cities and airports. The report also studied how the use of V2G would affect the battery regarding to possible wear, together with a study on the electric car market and how the implementation of the technology in different car models look today and may look in the future. Furthermore, the Swedish electricity market has also been investigated regarding structure, rules and (if available) historical price statistics to get an idea of where on the market the aggregator should advantageously act. This was also used get an economic perception of possible gains and during which times it is most beneficial to trade.
The results of the report show that there was a widespread interest among the interviewees to make their vehicles' capacity available to an aggregator service when they are not used for the activities that each business requires. The incentives prove to be different between the actors. However, many of the interviewees see the service as an opportunity to increase the economic benefit of the vehicles during its lifetime since many of them are not actively used a big parts of the day. Many actors would like to see that the aggregator was able to use their capacity in return for that the aggregator provided them with charging infrastructure. Another common denominator was the ability to contribute with social benefits, where an visualization of this could further increase the interest. Furthermore, it appeared that most companies had a relatively large predictability in their vehicle use, which is an advantage for a possible aggregator.
This report cannot give a unequivocal picture of how the electric car batteries are affected by this type of frequency control service when it comes to wear connected to V2G. Some of the reports examined in this paper show results of a minor wear as a consequence of the use of the service. One report, however, claims that V2G, if used for frequency regulation in the form of small charge/discharge cycles, could actually be positive for the battery. THrough the investigations of the various market structures and ragulations, it can be concluded that these are currently not entirely ready for this type of service. However, restructuring of the markets is underway, which opens up the possibility for new services and roles, which is beneficial for the emergence of an aggregator that can offer V2G-related services. Financial pricing and prerequisites are presented in the report, but given that the Swedish electricity market, and also the electricity system as a whole, are currently undergoing major changes, the economic results in this report should only be seen as an indication of the economic potential for this type of service in the future. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/8984881
- author
- Näslund, My LU and Bergmark, Mikael
- supervisor
- organization
- course
- MVKM01 20191
- year
- 2019
- type
- H2 - Master's Degree (Two Years)
- subject
- keywords
- Vehicle to Grid, V2G, Aggregator, Marknadsacceptans, Frekvensreglering, Incitament
- report number
- LUTMDN/TMHP-19/5438-SE
- ISSN
- 0282-1990
- language
- Swedish
- id
- 8984881
- date added to LUP
- 2019-06-24 09:56:12
- date last changed
- 2019-07-03 12:09:58
@misc{8984881, abstract = {{In a future society with an increasing amount of intermittent electricity production and lower inertia, it is important to find new, fast frequency-regulating resources to maintain a stable electrical system with a safe energy supply. One example of such a resource is batteries. A technology that has received increasing attention in recent years is the so-called ''Vehicle To Grid'' (V2G) technology, where electric car batteries have the possibility of both controlled charging but also discharging back into the power grid again, depending on the needs and prevailing situation. Since V2G is an already proven concept and technically viable, this work instead aims to examine the market acceptance for a V2G-service and where on the Swedish electricity market an aggregator of V2G-energy could beneficially act. As part of this investigation, a qualitative interview study was carried out in which ten potential customers were included with the aim of investigating what opportunities these would have to contribute to the service, but also what their incentives to participate would be. Furthermore the possible concerns and requirement specifications that they would have if they were to be offered a V2G service of an aggregator are investigated. The interviewed actors consists of two main customer groups; the first is companies that own larger car fleets (both electric and conventional vehicles) and the other one is providers of charging infrastructure, such as parking managers in cities and airports. The report also studied how the use of V2G would affect the battery regarding to possible wear, together with a study on the electric car market and how the implementation of the technology in different car models look today and may look in the future. Furthermore, the Swedish electricity market has also been investigated regarding structure, rules and (if available) historical price statistics to get an idea of where on the market the aggregator should advantageously act. This was also used get an economic perception of possible gains and during which times it is most beneficial to trade. The results of the report show that there was a widespread interest among the interviewees to make their vehicles' capacity available to an aggregator service when they are not used for the activities that each business requires. The incentives prove to be different between the actors. However, many of the interviewees see the service as an opportunity to increase the economic benefit of the vehicles during its lifetime since many of them are not actively used a big parts of the day. Many actors would like to see that the aggregator was able to use their capacity in return for that the aggregator provided them with charging infrastructure. Another common denominator was the ability to contribute with social benefits, where an visualization of this could further increase the interest. Furthermore, it appeared that most companies had a relatively large predictability in their vehicle use, which is an advantage for a possible aggregator. This report cannot give a unequivocal picture of how the electric car batteries are affected by this type of frequency control service when it comes to wear connected to V2G. Some of the reports examined in this paper show results of a minor wear as a consequence of the use of the service. One report, however, claims that V2G, if used for frequency regulation in the form of small charge/discharge cycles, could actually be positive for the battery. THrough the investigations of the various market structures and ragulations, it can be concluded that these are currently not entirely ready for this type of service. However, restructuring of the markets is underway, which opens up the possibility for new services and roles, which is beneficial for the emergence of an aggregator that can offer V2G-related services. Financial pricing and prerequisites are presented in the report, but given that the Swedish electricity market, and also the electricity system as a whole, are currently undergoing major changes, the economic results in this report should only be seen as an indication of the economic potential for this type of service in the future.}}, author = {{Näslund, My and Bergmark, Mikael}}, issn = {{0282-1990}}, language = {{swe}}, note = {{Student Paper}}, title = {{Kraftpaket på väg - Incitament för kunder samt marknader för en framtida aggregator av V2G}}, year = {{2019}}, }