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Skolpengen och skollokaler - En studie om kommunernas resursfördelning till skolor, vilka skillnader det finns och förhållandet mellan lokalersättningen och det totala bidraget

Östberg, Johan LU and Nilsson, Frans LU (2019) VFTM01 20191
Real Estate Science
Abstract
Background: The reforms of schools in the early 1990s meant decentralization of responsibility within the Swedish school system. The goal was to create freedom of choice and promote competition between public schools and at the same time make it possible for independent principals to establish new schools through a public resource allocation system funded mostly from the municipalities and the taxbase.
Sweden's municipalities now have the entire operational responsibility where the local management, in addition to the responsibility for administration, is an educational and operationally controlling authority. The municipalities also have full responsibility for financing schools, both schools under their own management and private... (More)
Background: The reforms of schools in the early 1990s meant decentralization of responsibility within the Swedish school system. The goal was to create freedom of choice and promote competition between public schools and at the same time make it possible for independent principals to establish new schools through a public resource allocation system funded mostly from the municipalities and the taxbase.
Sweden's municipalities now have the entire operational responsibility where the local management, in addition to the responsibility for administration, is an educational and operationally controlling authority. The municipalities also have full responsibility for financing schools, both schools under their own management and private schools through the public distribution of financial resources, the school subsidy, named “skolpeng”.
There is no statutory or developed universal model for how the municipalities should allocate resources to the schools. It is therefore interesting to investigate how the process works when the municipalities calculate and decide the school subsidy, but above all which differences it begets, especially the part of the funding regarding the schools’ premises.

Purpose: This study intends to investigate how Sweden's municipalities’ works with the financial distribution to schools, especially the fundings related to the premises but also the rent and how they relate to each other. The study mainly deals with three sub-areas:
● The municipalities' organizational structure, especially regarding property management and rent principles.
● Differences in the school subsidies, both the total funding per pupil and for school premisses, between different municipalities.
● Differences between how school subsidies is calculated to public and private schools and what the private schools think about the subsidy system.

Method: To gather the necessary data and find relevant theory for this thesis, a literature study
was conducted which involves reading reports about the Swedish school, the funding system to the schools and the role of the municipalities. After this, the data collection could begin.
The report is based on data and information obtained from Sweden's municipalities, principals for independent schools, private property owners, and from Statistics Sweden (SCB) and the Swedish National Agency for Education. When collecting data, questions about the funding, compensation for the premises and rent systems was sent out to all of Sweden's 290 municipalities, to 5 principals for independent schools and to 8 private property owners.
During the initial two months of the study, continuous mail correspondence was held with all the mentioned actors for collecting data where a few telephone calls were made with certain actors.

Conclusions: The lack of a precise regulations for calculating and deciding the school subsidies means that the municipalities' methods differ markedly. The municipalities mainly make use of cost-based rents, but where the rent models still differ a lot between the municipalities. These differences leads to great divergence in the size of the funding per student between the municipalities. The results also show that there are large differences between what is being paid out for to cover the costs of the premises and the municipalities' actual costs of premises, this can partly be explained by the lack of established calculation models. A consequence is that private schools risk getting an incorrectly funding, since the compensation is based on the municipality's average costs related to schools that they own and run themselves.
Another explanation as to why funding differ so much between municipalities in total and for the premises may be that the municipalities' organizational forms are different in terms of property management. Some municipalities own and manage their properties centrally whereas some municipalities own their school properties through separate companies. The most common organizational structure is that the municipalities own the property on which the schools are located internally through municipality boards, where the property management and payment of premises is being made centrally without the schools being involved.
The cost-based rent controls the market! The private side of the Swedish schools use market-based rents, but since the majority of the Swedish school properties are owned by the municipalities, which use cost-based rents, the market-based rent becomes a direct consequence of the cost-based rent. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Bakgrund: Skolreformerna i början av 1990-talet innebar en decentralisering av ansvar inom det svenska skolsystemet. Syftet var att skapa större valfrihet och främja konkurrens mellan de offentliga skolorna och samtidigt göra det möjligt för friskolor att etableras via ett offentligt resursfördelningssystem.
Sveriges kommuner har nu hela verksamhetsansvaret där den lokala ledningen, utöver ansvaret för administration, är ett pedagogiskt och verksamhetsmässigt styrande organ. Kommunerna har dessutom det fulla ansvaret för finansiering av skolor, både till skolor i egen regi och till fristående huvudmän via den så kallade skolpengen.
Det finns ingen lagstiftad eller utarbetad universalmodell för hur kommunerna i landet skall fördela... (More)
Bakgrund: Skolreformerna i början av 1990-talet innebar en decentralisering av ansvar inom det svenska skolsystemet. Syftet var att skapa större valfrihet och främja konkurrens mellan de offentliga skolorna och samtidigt göra det möjligt för friskolor att etableras via ett offentligt resursfördelningssystem.
Sveriges kommuner har nu hela verksamhetsansvaret där den lokala ledningen, utöver ansvaret för administration, är ett pedagogiskt och verksamhetsmässigt styrande organ. Kommunerna har dessutom det fulla ansvaret för finansiering av skolor, både till skolor i egen regi och till fristående huvudmän via den så kallade skolpengen.
Det finns ingen lagstiftad eller utarbetad universalmodell för hur kommunerna i landet skall fördela resurserna till skolorna, vilket leder till att varje kommun bygger upp sitt system utefter helt egna metoder. Det är därför intressant att utreda hur det faktiskt går till när kommunerna tilldelar ersättning till skolor men framförallt vilka skillnader det ger upphov till, särskilt vad gäller ersättning för skolverksamheternas lokaler.

Syfte: Undersökningen avser att utreda hur Sveriges kommuner arbetar med skolpengen, lokalersättningen och lokalhyror, vilka skillnader det ger upphov till samt hur de förhåller sig till varandra. Utredningen hanterar framförallt tre delområden:
● Kommunernas organisatoriska uppbyggnad med vikt på fastighetsförvaltning och hyressättningsprinciper.
● Skillnader i skolpengens och lokalersättningens storlek mellan kommuner.
● Skillnader i resursfördelning till kommunala- och privata skolor samt fristående huvudmäns syn på skolpengssystemet.

Metod: För att samla nödvändig fakta och bygga en relevant teoretisk grund för undersökningen genomfördes en litteraturstudie som innebar läsning av rapporter om svenska skolan, skolpengen och kommunernas roll i resursfördelningen till skolorna. Efter denna del kunde datainsamlingen påbörjas.
Undersökningen bygger på data och information hämtad på egen hand från Sveriges kommuner, huvudmän för friskolor, privata fastighetsägare, samt på data hämtad från statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) och Skolverket. Vid insamling av data har frågor om skolpengen, lokalersättning och hyressättningsprinciper via mail skickats ut till samtliga av Sveriges 290 kommuner, 5 huvudmän för fristående skolor och till 8 privata fastighetsägare.
Efter två månader av kontinuerlig kontakt med berörda aktörer har insamlad data kategoriserats och strukturerats varefter resultat och analys sedan bearbetats.

Slutsatser: Avsaknaden av ett preciserat regelverk för resursfördelning gör att kommunernas metoder skiljer sig åt markant. Kommunerna använder framförallt självkostnadsbaserade hyror, men hyressättningsmodellerna skiljer sig ändå åt mycket mellan kommunerna. Dessa skillnader visar sig ge upphov till stora skillnader i bidragens storlekar mellan kommunerna indelat efter skolform och per elev. De stora skillnaderna i bidragsbeloppen går inte att förklara efter vilken typ av kommun det är med avseende på olika kommungruppskategorier, skattekraft eller invånarantal.
Resultaten visar att det föreligger stora skillnader mellan den lokalersättning som betalas ut och kommunernas faktiska lokalkostnader, vilket delvis kan förklaras av avsaknaden av enhetliga beräkningsmodeller. En följd blir då att fristående skolor riskerar att få en felbedömd skolpeng då ersättningen till dessa baseras på kommunens genomsnittliga kostnader för skolor i egen regi.
Ytterligare förklaring till varför skolpengen och lokalersättningen skiljer sig åt så mycket mellan kommuner kan vara att kommunernas organisationsformer är olika vad gäller fastighetsförvaltning. Vissa kommuner äger och förvaltar sina fastigheter centralt men där vissa kommuner äger sina skolfastigheter via separata bolag. Den vanligaste organisationsformen är att kommunerna äger sina skollokaler internt via fastighetsnämnder där förvaltning och betalning av lokalhyror sker centralt utan skolverksamheternas inblandning.
Den självkostnadsbaserade hyran styr marknaden! Den privata sidan av de svenska skolverksamheterna använder marknadsmässiga hyror men då majoriteten av de svenska skolfastigheterna ägs av kommunerna, som sätter självkostnadsbaserade hyror, blir den marknadsmässiga hyran en direkt konsekvens av den självkostnadsbaserade. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Östberg, Johan LU and Nilsson, Frans LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
School subsidy and school premises – A study of the municipalities' allocation of resources to schools, what differences there are and how the different parts of the funding relate to each other
course
VFTM01 20191
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Skolpeng, lokalersättning, internhyra, hyresättningsprincip, organisationsform, självkostnadshyra, fastighetsförvaltning, kommunala skolor, fristående huvudmän, genomsnittsprincip, lokalkostnader
other publication id
ISRN/LUTVDG/TVLM/19/5431 SE
language
Swedish
id
8985195
date added to LUP
2019-06-25 15:50:47
date last changed
2019-06-25 15:50:47
@misc{8985195,
  abstract     = {{Background: The reforms of schools in the early 1990s meant decentralization of responsibility within the Swedish school system. The goal was to create freedom of choice and promote competition between public schools and at the same time make it possible for independent principals to establish new schools through a public resource allocation system funded mostly from the municipalities and the taxbase.
Sweden's municipalities now have the entire operational responsibility where the local management, in addition to the responsibility for administration, is an educational and operationally controlling authority. The municipalities also have full responsibility for financing schools, both schools under their own management and private schools through the public distribution of financial resources, the school subsidy, named “skolpeng”.
There is no statutory or developed universal model for how the municipalities should allocate resources to the schools. It is therefore interesting to investigate how the process works when the municipalities calculate and decide the school subsidy, but above all which differences it begets, especially the part of the funding regarding the schools’ premises.

Purpose: This study intends to investigate how Sweden's municipalities’ works with the financial distribution to schools, especially the fundings related to the premises but also the rent and how they relate to each other. The study mainly deals with three sub-areas:
● The municipalities' organizational structure, especially regarding property management and rent principles.
● Differences in the school subsidies, both the total funding per pupil and for school premisses, between different municipalities.
● Differences between how school subsidies is calculated to public and private schools and what the private schools think about the subsidy system.

Method: To gather the necessary data and find relevant theory for this thesis, a literature study
was conducted which involves reading reports about the Swedish school, the funding system to the schools and the role of the municipalities. After this, the data collection could begin. 
The report is based on data and information obtained from Sweden's municipalities, principals for independent schools, private property owners, and from Statistics Sweden (SCB) and the Swedish National Agency for Education. When collecting data, questions about the funding, compensation for the premises and rent systems was sent out to all of Sweden's 290 municipalities, to 5 principals for independent schools and to 8 private property owners.
During the initial two months of the study, continuous mail correspondence was held with all the mentioned actors for collecting data where a few telephone calls were made with certain actors.

Conclusions: The lack of a precise regulations for calculating and deciding the school subsidies means that the municipalities' methods differ markedly. The municipalities mainly make use of cost-based rents, but where the rent models still differ a lot between the municipalities. These differences leads to great divergence in the size of the funding per student between the municipalities. The results also show that there are large differences between what is being paid out for to cover the costs of the premises and the municipalities' actual costs of premises, this can partly be explained by the lack of established calculation models. A consequence is that private schools risk getting an incorrectly funding, since the compensation is based on the municipality's average costs related to schools that they own and run themselves.
Another explanation as to why funding differ so much between municipalities in total and for the premises may be that the municipalities' organizational forms are different in terms of property management. Some municipalities own and manage their properties centrally whereas some municipalities own their school properties through separate companies. The most common organizational structure is that the municipalities own the property on which the schools are located internally through municipality boards, where the property management and payment of premises is being made centrally without the schools being involved.
The cost-based rent controls the market! The private side of the Swedish schools use market-based rents, but since the majority of the Swedish school properties are owned by the municipalities, which use cost-based rents, the market-based rent becomes a direct consequence of the cost-based rent.}},
  author       = {{Östberg, Johan and Nilsson, Frans}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Skolpengen och skollokaler - En studie om kommunernas resursfördelning till skolor, vilka skillnader det finns och förhållandet mellan lokalersättningen och det totala bidraget}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}