Skip to main content

LUP Student Papers

LUND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Inkorporering av standardavtal - en analys av inkorporeringskraven som en form av dold avtalskontroll

Persson, Oscar LU (2019) LAGF03 20192
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
The large amount of agreements in today’s business world makes it impossible to negotiate the terms in every individual case. Instead, the use of standard agreements is increasing. The terms are often dictated by the strongest party. There is a risk that the standard agreements are unilaterally advantageous to that party. Such contracts are counteracted mainly in two ways: open and concealed judicial control. Open control is primarily exercised through the application of section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act (1915:218). This rule enables the courts to expressly adjust or disregard unreasonable contract clauses. Concealed control is a more indirect method. It includes certain requirements for making standard terms legally binding between... (More)
The large amount of agreements in today’s business world makes it impossible to negotiate the terms in every individual case. Instead, the use of standard agreements is increasing. The terms are often dictated by the strongest party. There is a risk that the standard agreements are unilaterally advantageous to that party. Such contracts are counteracted mainly in two ways: open and concealed judicial control. Open control is primarily exercised through the application of section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act (1915:218). This rule enables the courts to expressly adjust or disregard unreasonable contract clauses. Concealed control is a more indirect method. It includes certain requirements for making standard terms legally binding between the parties as well as principles of restrictive interpretation of a contract.

In order to be considered subject of contract, standard agreements must somehow be incorporated into the individual contract. Specific requirements for incorporation is, as mentioned above, a part of the concealed control. The purpose of this essay is to clarify in what way incorporation of standard agreements is subject to concealed control. The paper has basically two parts. The first one examine and compare open and concealed control in general. The preparatory legislative work of the above-mentioned section 36 criticized concealed control, mainly due to the judgement’s lack of transparency and legal guidance. The Swedish Supreme Court has recently expressed that open control should be the main rule. However, in some cases the Supreme Court has applied concealed control. Furthermore, concealed control concerns a previous step in the court’s examination, which means that it often provides a solution. All in all, this indicates that both open and concealed control will still be applied.

The second part is an examination of the requirements for incorporation, as they are presented in case law and literature. Fundamentally, incorporation is only a way to make standard terms part of the individual contract. However, the requirements are toughest regarding weaker parties and burdensome clauses. This differentiation indicates that the requirements, at least partly, express concealed control. Incorporation requires generally that the standard agreement is brought to the counterpart’s knowledge, preferentially by referring to it. The counterpart also needs an opportunity to easily go over the terms before the contract is concluded, but he does not have to actually read them. They must be made available. Regarding burdensome, unexpected and surprising clauses, incorporation requires at least that the standard terms are being delivered to the counterpart. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Det är, med tanke på mängden avtal som sluts varje dag, omöjligt att förhandla om villkoren i varje enskilt fall. Istället används standardiserade avtal i allt högre utsträckning. Standardavtalen är ofta ensidigt upprättade av den starkare avtalsparten. Det finns en risk för att villkoren är väldigt förmånliga för den parten. Domstolarna använder dold och öppen avtalskontroll för att motverka sådana avtal. Öppen kontroll utövas främst genom tillämpning av generalklausulen i 36 § avtalslagen. Den möjliggör ett uttryckligt ställningstagande till avtalsvillkor, på så sätt att oskäliga villkor kan jämkas eller helt åsidosättas. Dold kontroll angriper istället vissa villkor indirekt. Dels uppställs krav för att standardvillkor överhuvudtaget... (More)
Det är, med tanke på mängden avtal som sluts varje dag, omöjligt att förhandla om villkoren i varje enskilt fall. Istället används standardiserade avtal i allt högre utsträckning. Standardavtalen är ofta ensidigt upprättade av den starkare avtalsparten. Det finns en risk för att villkoren är väldigt förmånliga för den parten. Domstolarna använder dold och öppen avtalskontroll för att motverka sådana avtal. Öppen kontroll utövas främst genom tillämpning av generalklausulen i 36 § avtalslagen. Den möjliggör ett uttryckligt ställningstagande till avtalsvillkor, på så sätt att oskäliga villkor kan jämkas eller helt åsidosättas. Dold kontroll angriper istället vissa villkor indirekt. Dels uppställs krav för att standardvillkor överhuvudtaget ska anses utgöra del av det enskilda avtalet, dels tolkas standardvillkoren restriktivt.

Standardvillkors ställning som avtalsinnehåll förutsätter att de blir en del av det enskilda avtalet. Detta benämns inkorporering av standardvillkor. Uppställande av särskilda inkorporeringskrav är som sagt en del av den dolda avtalskontrollen. Arbetets syfte är att klargöra på vilket sätt inkorporeringen är föremål för domstolarnas dolda kontroll. Uppsatsen har egentligen två delar. Den första behandlar och jämför dold och öppen kontroll på ett allmänt plan. I förarbetena till 36 § avtalslagen kritiserades dold kontroll, framförallt ur rättssäkerhets- och prejudikatbildningsperspektiv. Numera finns uttryckligt stöd för öppen kontroll i rättspraxis. I några fall har Högsta domstolen ändå valt dold kontroll genom restriktiv avtalstolkning. Dessutom avser dold kontroll tidigare steg i prövningen och erbjuder således en lösning i många fall. Sammantaget indikerar detta att såväl dold som öppen kontroll kommer fortsätta användas.

Den andra delen inriktas på att redogöra för inkorporeringskraven, såsom de framställs i praxis och doktrin. Inkorporeringen är i grunden endast ett sätt att göra standardvillkor till avtalsinnehåll. Inkorporeringskraven är dock högre gentemot svagare parter samt avseende tyngande klausuler. Differentieringen tyder på att kraven, åtminstone till viss del, uttrycker dold kontroll, även om det av förklarliga skäl är svårt att uttala sig om något som är dolt. Inkorporering förutsätter generellt att standardvillkoren bringas till motpartens kännedom, som utgångspunkt genom hänvisning. Dessutom måste motparten få möjlighet att utan svårighet ta del av standardvillkoren före avtalsslutet. Något krav på genomläsning uppställs inte, utan tillgängliggörandet är det avgörande. Beträffande tyngande, oväntade och överraskande villkor fordrar inkorporering åtminstone tillställande av standardvillkoren. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Persson, Oscar LU
supervisor
organization
course
LAGF03 20192
year
type
M2 - Bachelor Degree
subject
keywords
Avtalsrätt, standardavtal
language
Swedish
id
8999458
date added to LUP
2020-03-28 10:51:09
date last changed
2020-03-28 10:51:09
@misc{8999458,
  abstract     = {{The large amount of agreements in today’s business world makes it impossible to negotiate the terms in every individual case. Instead, the use of standard agreements is increasing. The terms are often dictated by the strongest party. There is a risk that the standard agreements are unilaterally advantageous to that party. Such contracts are counteracted mainly in two ways: open and concealed judicial control. Open control is primarily exercised through the application of section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act (1915:218). This rule enables the courts to expressly adjust or disregard unreasonable contract clauses. Concealed control is a more indirect method. It includes certain requirements for making standard terms legally binding between the parties as well as principles of restrictive interpretation of a contract. 

In order to be considered subject of contract, standard agreements must somehow be incorporated into the individual contract. Specific requirements for incorporation is, as mentioned above, a part of the concealed control. The purpose of this essay is to clarify in what way incorporation of standard agreements is subject to concealed control. The paper has basically two parts. The first one examine and compare open and concealed control in general. The preparatory legislative work of the above-mentioned section 36 criticized concealed control, mainly due to the judgement’s lack of transparency and legal guidance. The Swedish Supreme Court has recently expressed that open control should be the main rule. However, in some cases the Supreme Court has applied concealed control. Furthermore, concealed control concerns a previous step in the court’s examination, which means that it often provides a solution. All in all, this indicates that both open and concealed control will still be applied. 

The second part is an examination of the requirements for incorporation, as they are presented in case law and literature. Fundamentally, incorporation is only a way to make standard terms part of the individual contract. However, the requirements are toughest regarding weaker parties and burdensome clauses. This differentiation indicates that the requirements, at least partly, express concealed control. Incorporation requires generally that the standard agreement is brought to the counterpart’s knowledge, preferentially by referring to it. The counterpart also needs an opportunity to easily go over the terms before the contract is concluded, but he does not have to actually read them. They must be made available. Regarding burdensome, unexpected and surprising clauses, incorporation requires at least that the standard terms are being delivered to the counterpart.}},
  author       = {{Persson, Oscar}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Inkorporering av standardavtal - en analys av inkorporeringskraven som en form av dold avtalskontroll}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}