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En annan tid, ett annat liv – En kritisk granskning av det svenska laglottsinstitutets inverkan på förhållandet mellan efterlevande make och särkullbarn i modern tid

Beskow, Emma LU (2019) JURM02 20192
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
En ordning av naturen given. Den svenska arvsrätten synes nästintill opåverkad av tidens gång. Successionsrättens rötter sträcker sig långt bak i historien. Samhället har genom åren genomgått omfattande förändringar och anpassat sig till nya rådande samhällsstrukturer. Den arvsrättsliga regleringen har däremot förblivit i stort sett oförändrad. Sedan 1300-talet har det enbart funnits fyra versioner av ärvdabalken.

Laglotten har varit en del av den svenska arvsrättsliga regleringen sedan 1857. Försörjning och rättvisa var laglottens bakomliggande syfte. Vid den tiden karaktäriserades samhället av jordägande och kärnfamiljen. I dagens moderna samhälle är kärnfamiljen inte längre lika självklar. Efterlevandeskyddet är därmed av ännu... (More)
En ordning av naturen given. Den svenska arvsrätten synes nästintill opåverkad av tidens gång. Successionsrättens rötter sträcker sig långt bak i historien. Samhället har genom åren genomgått omfattande förändringar och anpassat sig till nya rådande samhällsstrukturer. Den arvsrättsliga regleringen har däremot förblivit i stort sett oförändrad. Sedan 1300-talet har det enbart funnits fyra versioner av ärvdabalken.

Laglotten har varit en del av den svenska arvsrättsliga regleringen sedan 1857. Försörjning och rättvisa var laglottens bakomliggande syfte. Vid den tiden karaktäriserades samhället av jordägande och kärnfamiljen. I dagens moderna samhälle är kärnfamiljen inte längre lika självklar. Efterlevandeskyddet är därmed av ännu större betydelse. Trots detta innebär dagens reglering inte något starkt skydd för efterlevande make i förhållande till särkullbarnen. Ombildade familjer är idag mycket vanliga. Sverige har dessutom en allt äldre befolkning. En konsekvens av detta är att bröstarvingar ofta är självförsörjande individer när föräldern dör och efterlevande make är ofta i pensionsåldern vid makens frånfälle. I närmare 70 % av fallen är efterlevande make en kvinna i åldern 65 år eller äldre. Uppsatsens fokus ligger på äldre efterlevande make och särkullbarn. Särkullbarnen är barn som enbart är barn till den avlidne maken och som därmed har en omedelbar arvsrätt. Syftet är att, ur ett äldrerättsligt perspektiv, kritiskt granska laglottens inverkan på det rådande konkurrensförhållandet mellan särkullbarnen och äldre efterlevande make.

År 1987 erhöll efterlevande make arvsrätt framför gemensamma barn vilket ledde till en stärkning av dennes ställning. De gemensamma barnen blev efterarvingar och skulle därmed ärva först vid efterlevande makes bortgång. Särkullbarnen skulle dock ärva omedelbart eftersom de ansågs sakna en sådan stark emotionell koppling till efterlevande make. Ifall särkullbarnen också blev efterarvingar befarades det finnas en hög risk att deras arv minskades radikalt eller gick förlorat. En konsekvens av särkullbarnens omedelbara arvsrätt är att äldre efterlevande make kan tvingas sälja det gemensamma hemmet för att särkullbarnen ska få ut sitt arv, eller i vart fall sin laglott. Efterlevande make befinner sig idag ofta i en ekonomiskt utsatt situation medan arvingarna ofta ser sitt arv som ett värdetillskott.

Laglottens roll som garanti för försörjning är idag otidsenlig med anledning av att bröstarvingarna ofta är självförsörjande när föräldrarna dör. Äldre efterlevande make kan däremot vara i behov av arvet efter maken med anledning av den ofta ekonomiskt utsatta situation denne befinner sig i. Att laglotten ska garantera viss rättvisa mellan bröstarvingarna ter sig vara det huvudsakliga skälet till att laglotten lever kvar i svensk lagstiftning. Det går dock att ifrågasätta huruvida laglotten egentligen garanterar rättvisa. Regeln garanterar inte att bröstarvingarna får lika stor del av arvet utan är snarare en garanti för att de får i vart fall någon del av det. Det kan dessutom ifrågasättas om det verkligen är rättvist att bröstarvingar har en, nästan, absolut rätt till sitt arv?

I ena vågskålen finns en äldre efterlevande make som vanligtvis är en kvinna 65 år eller äldre med utsatt ekonomi. I andra vågskålen finns särkullbarnen vilka i normalfallet är vuxna självförsörjande individer. Båda parter har en lika stor rätt att få sina intressen tillgodosedda vid kvarlåtenskapens fördelning efter den först avlidne maken. Frågan är inte nödvändigtvis vems intresse som bör ges företräde utan frågan är hur det, med anledning av rådande samhällsstrukturer, ska gå att finna en balans. Laglottens nuvarande utformning är inte i takt med tiden. De intressen som förelåg 1857 överensstämmer inte med dagens. Laglottsinstitutet i sin nuvarande utformning tillgodoser intressen från en annan tid, ett annat liv. I uppsatsen förespråkas att en översyn av den svenska arvsrättsliga regleringen, med hjälp av ett par äldreglasögon, vore fördelaktig. (Less)
Abstract
An order given by nature. The Swedish inheritance law appears almost unaffected by the passing of time. The roots of the Swedish succession law extends far back in history. Swedish society has gone through extensive changes over the years in order to adjust to the prevailing social structures, however, the succession regulation seems to have remained almost the same. There has, in fact, only been four versions of the Inheritance Code (ärvdabalken) since the 14th century.

The statutory share of inheritance has been a part of the Swedish succession regulation since 1857 and the purposes behind it was economic support and justice. In 1857, society was characterized by the owning of land and the nuclear family. On the contrary, today’s... (More)
An order given by nature. The Swedish inheritance law appears almost unaffected by the passing of time. The roots of the Swedish succession law extends far back in history. Swedish society has gone through extensive changes over the years in order to adjust to the prevailing social structures, however, the succession regulation seems to have remained almost the same. There has, in fact, only been four versions of the Inheritance Code (ärvdabalken) since the 14th century.

The statutory share of inheritance has been a part of the Swedish succession regulation since 1857 and the purposes behind it was economic support and justice. In 1857, society was characterized by the owning of land and the nuclear family. On the contrary, today’s modern society speaks of the importance of provision for surviving dependents and the nuclear family is no longer as prominent. Reformed families are very common today and Sweden has an increasing ageing population. As a consequence, direct heirs are usually self-sufficient individuals at the death of their parents, and at the death of the spouse the surviving partner has normally reached the age of retirement. In almost 70 % of the cases the surviving spouse is a woman who has reached an age of 65 or more. The focus of this essay is the elderly surviving spouse and the children that are only children of the deceased person. The purpose of the essay is to critically review the impact that the statutory share of inheritance has on the competitive relationship that prevails between them.

In 1987, the surviving spouse obtained a right to inherit before the common children. This amendment of the law strengthened the position of the surviving spouse. The common children became secondary heirs and would thus not inherit until after the death of the surviving spouse. The children of the deceased person would however inherit immediately after the death of their parent. These children were said to lack such emotional connection to the surviving spouse that would make it reasonable for them to wait for their inheritance. It was feared that if the children that are only children of the deceased person became secondary heirs, there would be a high risk that their inheritance would diminish or disappear due to the lack of emotional connection to the surviving spouse. As a result of this immediate right to inherit, the surviving spouse can be forced to sell the common home to ensure that these children get their inheritance. The surviving spouse is often in an economically vulnerable situation while the heirs often see their heritage as an economic contribution due to the fact that they are already self-sufficient.

The statutory share of inheritance as a guarantee for economic support is outdated in today’s society since the direct heirs are normally self-sufficient at the death of their parents. Considering that the elderly surviving spouse is often in an economically vulnerable situation, he or she may therefore be in need of the inheritance after their spouse. The fact that the statutory share of inheritance is supposed to guarantee some justice between the direct heirs seems to be the main reason that the rule remains in the Swedish legislation. It can however be questioned whether or not the statutory share of inheritance is a guarantee for justice. It is still not a guarantee that the direct heirs will get equal parts, it is more of a guarantee for them to get at least some of it. It can also be questioned if it is fair that the direct heirs has an, almost, absolute right to their inheritance?

On the one hand there is the surviving spouse who is normally a woman, of age 65 or older, in an economically vulnerable situation. On the other hand there are the children of the deceased, who are not children of the surviving spouse. Ordinarily adult self-sufficient individuals who lack emotional connection to the surviving spouse. Both parties have an equal right to have their interests taken into account in the distribution of the deceased person’s estate. It is not necessarily a question about whose interest should be given priority. The question is rather how, due to prevailing social structures, a balance can be found. The current form of the statutory share of inheritance is outdated. The interests behind the legislation in 1857 does not correspond with the interests of today. The statutory share of inheritance, in its current form, meets the interests from another time, another life. This essay therefore advocates that it would be advantageous to review the Swedish succession regulation through a pair of elderly glasses. (Less)
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author
Beskow, Emma LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Another time, another life – a critical review of the Swedish statutory share of inheritance in the relationship between the surviving spouse and the children that are only children of the deceased
course
JURM02 20192
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Civilrätt, familjerätt, arvsrätt, äldrerätt, laglott, efterlevande make, särkullbarn, efterlevandeskydd, testamente
language
Swedish
id
9000313
date added to LUP
2020-01-31 12:06:23
date last changed
2020-01-31 12:06:23
@misc{9000313,
  abstract     = {{An order given by nature. The Swedish inheritance law appears almost unaffected by the passing of time. The roots of the Swedish succession law extends far back in history. Swedish society has gone through extensive changes over the years in order to adjust to the prevailing social structures, however, the succession regulation seems to have remained almost the same. There has, in fact, only been four versions of the Inheritance Code (ärvdabalken) since the 14th century. 

The statutory share of inheritance has been a part of the Swedish succession regulation since 1857 and the purposes behind it was economic support and justice. In 1857, society was characterized by the owning of land and the nuclear family. On the contrary, today’s modern society speaks of the importance of provision for surviving dependents and the nuclear family is no longer as prominent. Reformed families are very common today and Sweden has an increasing ageing population. As a consequence, direct heirs are usually self-sufficient individuals at the death of their parents, and at the death of the spouse the surviving partner has normally reached the age of retirement. In almost 70 % of the cases the surviving spouse is a woman who has reached an age of 65 or more. The focus of this essay is the elderly surviving spouse and the children that are only children of the deceased person. The purpose of the essay is to critically review the impact that the statutory share of inheritance has on the competitive relationship that prevails between them.

In 1987, the surviving spouse obtained a right to inherit before the common children. This amendment of the law strengthened the position of the surviving spouse. The common children became secondary heirs and would thus not inherit until after the death of the surviving spouse. The children of the deceased person would however inherit immediately after the death of their parent. These children were said to lack such emotional connection to the surviving spouse that would make it reasonable for them to wait for their inheritance. It was feared that if the children that are only children of the deceased person became secondary heirs, there would be a high risk that their inheritance would diminish or disappear due to the lack of emotional connection to the surviving spouse. As a result of this immediate right to inherit, the surviving spouse can be forced to sell the common home to ensure that these children get their inheritance. The surviving spouse is often in an economically vulnerable situation while the heirs often see their heritage as an economic contribution due to the fact that they are already self-sufficient. 

The statutory share of inheritance as a guarantee for economic support is outdated in today’s society since the direct heirs are normally self-sufficient at the death of their parents. Considering that the elderly surviving spouse is often in an economically vulnerable situation, he or she may therefore be in need of the inheritance after their spouse. The fact that the statutory share of inheritance is supposed to guarantee some justice between the direct heirs seems to be the main reason that the rule remains in the Swedish legislation. It can however be questioned whether or not the statutory share of inheritance is a guarantee for justice. It is still not a guarantee that the direct heirs will get equal parts, it is more of a guarantee for them to get at least some of it. It can also be questioned if it is fair that the direct heirs has an, almost, absolute right to their inheritance? 

On the one hand there is the surviving spouse who is normally a woman, of age 65 or older, in an economically vulnerable situation. On the other hand there are the children of the deceased, who are not children of the surviving spouse. Ordinarily adult self-sufficient individuals who lack emotional connection to the surviving spouse. Both parties have an equal right to have their interests taken into account in the distribution of the deceased person’s estate. It is not necessarily a question about whose interest should be given priority. The question is rather how, due to prevailing social structures, a balance can be found. The current form of the statutory share of inheritance is outdated. The interests behind the legislation in 1857 does not correspond with the interests of today. The statutory share of inheritance, in its current form, meets the interests from another time, another life. This essay therefore advocates that it would be advantageous to review the Swedish succession regulation through a pair of elderly glasses.}},
  author       = {{Beskow, Emma}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{En annan tid, ett annat liv – En kritisk granskning av det svenska laglottsinstitutets inverkan på förhållandet mellan efterlevande make och särkullbarn i modern tid}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}