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Bankrolling Adverse Human Rights Impact in Development Projects - A study of the role and responsibilities of international financial institutions with respect to human rights in the development finance context and the implications of using intermediary commercial banks

Wästerlund, Paulina LU (2019) JURM02 20192
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Den ökade andelen kapital som riktas mot hållbar utveckling genom att med
offentliga medel frigöra privata investeringar i utvecklingsprojekt
genomförda av privata aktörer kan, vid en första anblick, verka som ett
framgångsrikt resultat av mobiliseringen av nödvändiga finansiella medel för att uppnå Agenda 2030 och de globala hållbarhetsmålen.

Inkluderingen av den privata sektorn att bidra till, och lösa,
samhällsutvecklingsfrågor med offentliga medel har emellertid haft
uppenbara konsekvenser i form av en ökad risk för skadlig inverkan på
mänskliga rättigheter, och har tydliggjort ett hålrum i möjligheterna till ansvarsutkrävande, eftersom privata institutioner är verksamma inom andra operativa och rättsliga system än offentliga... (More)
Den ökade andelen kapital som riktas mot hållbar utveckling genom att med
offentliga medel frigöra privata investeringar i utvecklingsprojekt
genomförda av privata aktörer kan, vid en första anblick, verka som ett
framgångsrikt resultat av mobiliseringen av nödvändiga finansiella medel för att uppnå Agenda 2030 och de globala hållbarhetsmålen.

Inkluderingen av den privata sektorn att bidra till, och lösa,
samhällsutvecklingsfrågor med offentliga medel har emellertid haft
uppenbara konsekvenser i form av en ökad risk för skadlig inverkan på
mänskliga rättigheter, och har tydliggjort ett hålrum i möjligheterna till ansvarsutkrävande, eftersom privata institutioner är verksamma inom andra operativa och rättsliga system än offentliga internationella institutioner. Genom att använda den rättsdogmatiska metoden, undersöker uppsatsen internationella finansinstitutioners ansvar för mänskliga rättigheter, där en ökad användning av privata affärsbanker som mellanhänder för deras utlåning till privata aktörer som bedriver utvecklingsprojekten, har noterats.

Studien finner att förebyggandet av skadlig inverkan på mänskliga rättigheter som sker i samband med utvecklingsprojekt, till följd av inkluderingen av affärsbanker, görs beroende av banksektorns förståelse för hur ett ansvar för mänskliga rättigheter förhåller sig till deras finansieringsverksamheter och kundrelationer. Den rådande missuppfattningen hos affärsbanker avseende detta ansvar motverkar följaktligen förebyggande åtgärder till skydd för mänskliga rättigheter och ökar behovet av möjligheterna till ansvarsutkrävande.

Individer som strävar efter vedergällning för projektrelaterade
människorättskränkningar som påförts dem eller deras samhällen till följd av utvecklingsprojekt, hindras vanligtvis av den immunitet som internationella organisationer besitter under internationell rätt, när ansvar utkrävs från den internationella finansinstitution som genom sin finansiering har möjliggjort den privata aktörens genomförande av projektet. I avsaknad av tillgängliga regionala rättsliga instanser eller internationella domstolar där ansvar för människorättskränkningar av internationella organisationer kan utkrävas, är det upp till nationella domstolar att ta itu med och lösa denna rådande konflikt. Den senaste utvecklingen i nationella domstolar i USA, tyder på en ökad möjlighet att stämma internationella finansinstitut. Likväl kvarstår
ändock tvivel om nationella domstolar är en lämplig plats för projektberörda personer att söka vedergällning.

Mycket återstår till ett tillfredsställande skydd av mänskliga rättigheter inom företagande, eftersom företag alltjämt avsiktligt håller sig borta från en terminologi som erkänner "mänskliga rättigheter" och som innebär faktiska och juridiskt bindande skyldigheter. Ett ihållande fokus på företagande och mänskliga rättigheter och ”mjukare” ansvarsformer, härrörande från privata och bolagsstyrda initiativ (private and corporate governance initiatives) som i sin tur kan leda till ”hårdare” resultat, förblir alltså relevant, om inte avgörande, när det gäller att söka vägar till vedergällning för projektberörda individer och samhällen, eftersom det framhäver ett tankesätt avseende risker i förhållande till människor och inte företag. (Less)
Abstract
The increased allocation of capital that is being directed towards sustainable development through the unlocking of private investments with the use of public funds into private sector-led development projects might, at first, seem as a successful outcome of the necessary mobilization of funds for the achievement of the 2030 Agenda, including the SDGs.

The invitation of the private sector into solving public matters with public funds has however had evident consequences on the heightened risk for adverse human rights impact, and has accentuated an accountability gap, as private institutions operate under different operational and legal regimes than public international ones. By applying a doctrinal research method this thesis examines... (More)
The increased allocation of capital that is being directed towards sustainable development through the unlocking of private investments with the use of public funds into private sector-led development projects might, at first, seem as a successful outcome of the necessary mobilization of funds for the achievement of the 2030 Agenda, including the SDGs.

The invitation of the private sector into solving public matters with public funds has however had evident consequences on the heightened risk for adverse human rights impact, and has accentuated an accountability gap, as private institutions operate under different operational and legal regimes than public international ones. By applying a doctrinal research method this thesis examines the human rights responsibility of the international financial institutions that operate in the context of development finance, where an increase in the use of commercial banks as financial intermediaries for their lending to private actors operating development projects has been noted.

The study finds that as a result of the inclusion of commercial banks, the prevention of adverse human rights impact associated with development projects, is made dependent on the banking sector’s understanding of how human rights pertain to its financing activities and client relationships. The current misconception of commercial banks in respect to this, as highlighted in this thesis, thus counteracts preventative measures for the protection of human rights and increases the need for effective accountability.

Whilst individuals seek to obtain reparations and remedies for the adverse impact that development projects have inflicted upon them or their communities, they are generally hindered by the claim of immunity of international organizations when seeking this redress from the international financial institution, that through its financing, has enabled the private actor to carry out the project. In the absence of regional judicial bodies or international human rights mechanisms available to hold international organizations accountable, this is a conflict that is left to domestic courts to address and solve. The most recent developments in domestic courts in the US, indicate towards a wider amenability to sue international financial institutions. However, doubts remain as to whether domestic courts are a suitable venue for project-affected individuals and communities to seek remedy.

We are still a long way from an appropriate protection of human rights within the BHR regime as businesses are still deliberately staying away from terminology that acknowledges “human rights” and entails actual and legally enforceable obligations. Thus, the focus on BHR and “softer” forms of responsibilities, arising out of private governance, that in turn may lead to “harder” outcomes, remains relevant, if not crucial, when it comes to seeking ways to redress for project-affected individuals and communities, as it emphasizes a different way of thinking in terms of risk to people and not business. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Wästerlund, Paulina LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20192
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
public international law, international human rights law, international financial institutions, commercial banks, development finance
language
English
id
9005397
date added to LUP
2020-04-06 11:02:50
date last changed
2020-04-06 11:02:50
@misc{9005397,
  abstract     = {{The increased allocation of capital that is being directed towards sustainable development through the unlocking of private investments with the use of public funds into private sector-led development projects might, at first, seem as a successful outcome of the necessary mobilization of funds for the achievement of the 2030 Agenda, including the SDGs.

The invitation of the private sector into solving public matters with public funds has however had evident consequences on the heightened risk for adverse human rights impact, and has accentuated an accountability gap, as private institutions operate under different operational and legal regimes than public international ones. By applying a doctrinal research method this thesis examines the human rights responsibility of the international financial institutions that operate in the context of development finance, where an increase in the use of commercial banks as financial intermediaries for their lending to private actors operating development projects has been noted. 

The study finds that as a result of the inclusion of commercial banks, the prevention of adverse human rights impact associated with development projects, is made dependent on the banking sector’s understanding of how human rights pertain to its financing activities and client relationships. The current misconception of commercial banks in respect to this, as highlighted in this thesis, thus counteracts preventative measures for the protection of human rights and increases the need for effective accountability.

Whilst individuals seek to obtain reparations and remedies for the adverse impact that development projects have inflicted upon them or their communities, they are generally hindered by the claim of immunity of international organizations when seeking this redress from the international financial institution, that through its financing, has enabled the private actor to carry out the project. In the absence of regional judicial bodies or international human rights mechanisms available to hold international organizations accountable, this is a conflict that is left to domestic courts to address and solve. The most recent developments in domestic courts in the US, indicate towards a wider amenability to sue international financial institutions. However, doubts remain as to whether domestic courts are a suitable venue for project-affected individuals and communities to seek remedy. 

We are still a long way from an appropriate protection of human rights within the BHR regime as businesses are still deliberately staying away from terminology that acknowledges “human rights” and entails actual and legally enforceable obligations. Thus, the focus on BHR and “softer” forms of responsibilities, arising out of private governance, that in turn may lead to “harder” outcomes, remains relevant, if not crucial, when it comes to seeking ways to redress for project-affected individuals and communities, as it emphasizes a different way of thinking in terms of risk to people and not business.}},
  author       = {{Wästerlund, Paulina}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Bankrolling Adverse Human Rights Impact in Development Projects - A study of the role and responsibilities of international financial institutions with respect to human rights in the development finance context and the implications of using intermediary commercial banks}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}