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Avtalsparters ojämna förhandlingsstyrkor. - En utredning av begreppet ”underlägsen ställning” och dess innebörd i kommersiella avtalsförhållanden.

Ekström Ståhl, Anna LU (2020) JURM02 20201
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract (Swedish)
Principen om avtalsfrihet, principen om avtalsbundenhet och skyddsprincipen är tre principer som särskilt brukar framhållas inom det avtalsrättsliga området. Principen om avtalsfrihet innebär en frihet att själv avgöra om ett avtal ska ingås, vem avtalet ska ingås med och vad avtalsinnehållet ska vara. Principen om avtalsbundenhet innebär att avtal ska hållas, detta är viktigt ur ett förutsebarhetsperspektiv. Skyddsprincipens syfte är att skydda vissa intressen knutna till ett avtal. Dessa intressen är ibland så pass skyddsvärda att undantag från principerna om avtalsfrihet och avtalsbundenhet är berättigade.

Av 36 § andra stycket AvtL och 2 § första stycket AVLN framgår att det vid oskälighetsbedömningen av avtalsvillkor ska tas... (More)
Principen om avtalsfrihet, principen om avtalsbundenhet och skyddsprincipen är tre principer som särskilt brukar framhållas inom det avtalsrättsliga området. Principen om avtalsfrihet innebär en frihet att själv avgöra om ett avtal ska ingås, vem avtalet ska ingås med och vad avtalsinnehållet ska vara. Principen om avtalsbundenhet innebär att avtal ska hållas, detta är viktigt ur ett förutsebarhetsperspektiv. Skyddsprincipens syfte är att skydda vissa intressen knutna till ett avtal. Dessa intressen är ibland så pass skyddsvärda att undantag från principerna om avtalsfrihet och avtalsbundenhet är berättigade.

Av 36 § andra stycket AvtL och 2 § första stycket AVLN framgår att det vid oskälighetsbedömningen av avtalsvillkor ska tas särskild hänsyn till behovet av skydd för part som intar en underlägsen ställning i avtalsförhållandet. Det framgår dock inte av lagtexten vad begreppet underlägsen ställning innebär. Denna framställning syftar till att undersöka innebörden av det nämnda begreppet. Detta görs med hjälp av den rättsdogmatiska metoden. Av lagförarbeten, rättspraxis och doktrin kan vissa faktorer för bedömningen av partsförhållandet urskiljas. De faktorer som främst avgör huruvida en part intar en underlägsen ställning eller inte är dennes ekonomi, kompetens, marknadsposition och beroende.

Småföretagare betraktas ofta vara underlägsna i olika avtalsförhållanden. Detta för att de vanligen har begränsade ekonomiska resurser och kompetens. Mot bakgrund av att det är parterna i det specifika avtalsförhållandet som ska bedömas är det dock inte bara typiska småföretagare som kan inta en underlägsen ställning.

Med avstamp i de ovan nämnda principerna samt lojalitetsprincipen och vigilansprincipen kan diskussioner föras om partsställningen. En part som intar en underlägsen ställning och har ett begränsat förhandlingsutrymme riskerar att ingå avtal utan någon reell avtalsfrihet. I sådana situationer kan kravet på lojalitet öka på den starkare parten, som alltså inte i alla situationer får utnyttja exempelvis ett ekonomiskt överläge. Samtidigt som lojalitetsplikterna ökar för den starkare parten, minskar kraven på vigilans på den underlägsna avtalsparten. (Less)
Abstract
The freedom of contract, the sanctity of contract and the principle of protection are three basic principles within the field of contract law. The freedom of contract includes the freedom to choose whether to contract or not, with whom to contract and on which terms to contract. The sanctity of contract means that once a contract has been agreed upon, the parties must honour their obligations under the contact, which is important from the perspective of predictability. The principle of protection aims to protect certain interests associated with an agreement. These interests are occasionally deemed worthy of protection resulting in exceptions from the principles of freedom of contract and sanctity of contract.

According to the second... (More)
The freedom of contract, the sanctity of contract and the principle of protection are three basic principles within the field of contract law. The freedom of contract includes the freedom to choose whether to contract or not, with whom to contract and on which terms to contract. The sanctity of contract means that once a contract has been agreed upon, the parties must honour their obligations under the contact, which is important from the perspective of predictability. The principle of protection aims to protect certain interests associated with an agreement. These interests are occasionally deemed worthy of protection resulting in exceptions from the principles of freedom of contract and sanctity of contract.

According to the second paragraph of Section 36 of the Contracts Act and the first paragraph of Section 2 of the Terms of Contract between Tradesmen Act, particular attention has to be paid to the need to protect those parties who hold an inferior bargaining position in the contractual relationship, upon determination of the unconscionability of the terms and conditions. However, the sections do not define the meaning of the term inferior bargaining position. The aim of this work is to examine the meaning of the already mentioned notion and this will be done though the traditional legal method. Through legal preparatory work, case law and legal doctrine, certain factors for the evaluation of the contractual inequality can be distinguished. The factors that mainly decide whether a party holds an inferior bargaining position are the party’s financial strength, knowledge, market position and dependence.

Small businessmen are often considered having an inferior bargaining position. This is a result of often possessing limited financial resources and knowledge. Given that it is the constellation of the parties in the specific contractual relationship that is to be assessed, it is not only the typical small businessmen that can possess an inferior barraging position.

With a starting point in the principles mentioned above, and the duty of good faith and the principle of vigilance, discussions can be conducted about the positions of the parties. A party that holds an inferior bargaining position, risks to enter into contracts without a reel freedom of contract. In these scenarios, the requirement of duty of good faith can increase for the stronger party, who is not allowed to exploit its financial superiority. At the same time as the duty of good faith increases for the stronger party, the requirement of vigilance decreases for the party who holds an inferior bargaining position. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Ekström Ståhl, Anna LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
The unequal bargaining power of contracting parties. - An examination of the concept of "inferior bargaining position" and its meaning in commercial contractual relationships.
course
JURM02 20201
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Avtalsrätt, civilrätt, avtalsparters styrkeförhållanden, underlägsen ställning, småföretagare, 36 § AvtL, AVLN, kommersiella avtalsförhållanden.
language
Swedish
id
9010140
date added to LUP
2020-06-15 08:49:37
date last changed
2020-06-15 08:49:37
@misc{9010140,
  abstract     = {{The freedom of contract, the sanctity of contract and the principle of protection are three basic principles within the field of contract law. The freedom of contract includes the freedom to choose whether to contract or not, with whom to contract and on which terms to contract. The sanctity of contract means that once a contract has been agreed upon, the parties must honour their obligations under the contact, which is important from the perspective of predictability. The principle of protection aims to protect certain interests associated with an agreement. These interests are occasionally deemed worthy of protection resulting in exceptions from the principles of freedom of contract and sanctity of contract. 

According to the second paragraph of Section 36 of the Contracts Act and the first paragraph of Section 2 of the Terms of Contract between Tradesmen Act, particular attention has to be paid to the need to protect those parties who hold an inferior bargaining position in the contractual relationship, upon determination of the unconscionability of the terms and conditions. However, the sections do not define the meaning of the term inferior bargaining position. The aim of this work is to examine the meaning of the already mentioned notion and this will be done though the traditional legal method. Through legal preparatory work, case law and legal doctrine, certain factors for the evaluation of the contractual inequality can be distinguished. The factors that mainly decide whether a party holds an inferior bargaining position are the party’s financial strength, knowledge, market position and dependence. 

Small businessmen are often considered having an inferior bargaining position. This is a result of often possessing limited financial resources and knowledge. Given that it is the constellation of the parties in the specific contractual relationship that is to be assessed, it is not only the typical small businessmen that can possess an inferior barraging position.

With a starting point in the principles mentioned above, and the duty of good faith and the principle of vigilance, discussions can be conducted about the positions of the parties. A party that holds an inferior bargaining position, risks to enter into contracts without a reel freedom of contract. In these scenarios, the requirement of duty of good faith can increase for the stronger party, who is not allowed to exploit its financial superiority. At the same time as the duty of good faith increases for the stronger party, the requirement of vigilance decreases for the party who holds an inferior bargaining position.}},
  author       = {{Ekström Ståhl, Anna}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Avtalsparters ojämna förhandlingsstyrkor. - En utredning av begreppet ”underlägsen ställning” och dess innebörd i kommersiella avtalsförhållanden.}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}