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Ska staten ha rätt att bestämma hur jag får avsluta mitt liv? - Om (av)kriminaliseringen av dödshjälp

Appelberg, Ebba LU (2020) JURM02 20201
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
Today, in the opinion of the legislator, euthanasia is regarded as a culpable, and punishable act according to the provisions in The Swedish Penal Code chapter 3 paragraphs 1 and 2. This means that if someone helps another individual with taking his or her life, with his or her consent, it will result in criminal consequences. However, because of the “altruistic nature” of the act, it differentiates itself from the other forms of willful killing. It usually results in much lower penalties. Yet, it has been stated that consent from the “victim” can never discharge the perpetrator from liability when it comes to euthanasia.

The main purpose with the present essay has been to critically examine the Swedish regulation of euthanasia. This... (More)
Today, in the opinion of the legislator, euthanasia is regarded as a culpable, and punishable act according to the provisions in The Swedish Penal Code chapter 3 paragraphs 1 and 2. This means that if someone helps another individual with taking his or her life, with his or her consent, it will result in criminal consequences. However, because of the “altruistic nature” of the act, it differentiates itself from the other forms of willful killing. It usually results in much lower penalties. Yet, it has been stated that consent from the “victim” can never discharge the perpetrator from liability when it comes to euthanasia.

The main purpose with the present essay has been to critically examine the Swedish regulation of euthanasia. This by, from a de lege lata-perspective, investigating whether the criminalization of euthanasia fulfills the present grounds of criminalization, and, therefore, can be regarded as a legitimate intervention on part of the state. Furthermore, the essay has been designed to, from a de lege ferenda-perspective, examine whether the regulation of euthanasia is considered desirable or if it should be regulated differently, specifically based on two theories of legal philosophy, which focus on the limits of the state’s exercise of power. In the final analysis chapter this has been further examined together with a reflection of which consequences that may result from keeping the regulation as it is, or if a change is made, and if so, what such a change could mean.

By examining this the ambition has been to reach an answer to the question of whether the state should continue to restrict the individual through punishment in the matter of euthanasia, or if the self-determination of the individual should be given more space. The study was conducted using a legal analytical method together with legal philosophical arguments. A classic liberal starting point has been used, with the individual and his or her freedom as the prime focus. Thus, a critical approach has been adopted on how euthanasia is regulated today.

In the analysis chapters, the author has concluded that the regulation of euthanasia meets the grounds of criminalization. This means that the regulation is to be considered a legitimate restriction of the freedom of the individual and, thus, a justified intervention by the state. Furthermore, depending on the legal philosophical position one takes the regulation of euthanasia can be either desirable or not. However, sufficient reasons that some change should be made, or maybe even are required, of the regulation of euthanasia has been discovered in the essay.
Finally, the essay has resulted in the conclusion that euthanasia should continue to be a criminalized act. Hence, the state should continue to restrict the individual but, at the same time, give more space to the self-determination of the individual. Possibly by establishing a law allowing the individual to end his or her life by turning to healthcare services. If nothing else, there are sufficient grounds for the legislator to at least investigate the matter more thoroughly. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Idag betraktas dödshjälp enligt lagstiftaren som en klandervärd, och även straffbar, gärning i enlighet med bestämmelserna i 3 kap. 1 och 2 §§ BrB. Det innebär att om någon hjälper en annan individ att, med dennes samtycke, ta dennes liv, resulterar det i straffrättsliga konsekvenser. På grund av handlingens ”altruistiska karaktär” särskiljer den sig dock från de andra formerna av uppsåtligt dödande. Detta resulterar vanligen i att straffet sänks betydligt. Däremot har konstaterats att ett samtycke från ”offret”, aldrig kan föranleda ansvarsfrihet för gärningsmannen i fall av dödshjälp.

Syftet med förevarande uppsats har främst varit att kritiskt granska Sveriges hantering av dödshjälpsfrågan. Detta har gjorts genom att ur ett de lege... (More)
Idag betraktas dödshjälp enligt lagstiftaren som en klandervärd, och även straffbar, gärning i enlighet med bestämmelserna i 3 kap. 1 och 2 §§ BrB. Det innebär att om någon hjälper en annan individ att, med dennes samtycke, ta dennes liv, resulterar det i straffrättsliga konsekvenser. På grund av handlingens ”altruistiska karaktär” särskiljer den sig dock från de andra formerna av uppsåtligt dödande. Detta resulterar vanligen i att straffet sänks betydligt. Däremot har konstaterats att ett samtycke från ”offret”, aldrig kan föranleda ansvarsfrihet för gärningsmannen i fall av dödshjälp.

Syftet med förevarande uppsats har främst varit att kritiskt granska Sveriges hantering av dödshjälpsfrågan. Detta har gjorts genom att ur ett de lege lata-perspektiv utreda om dagens hantering, alltså kriminaliseringen, av dödshjälp kan sägas uppfylla rådande kriminaliseringsgrunder och därmed betraktas som ett legitimt ingripande från staten. Vidare genom att ur ett de lege ferenda-perspektiv undersöka om dagens hantering kan sägas vara önskvärd, särskilt utifrån två rättsfilosofiska teorier som diskuterar gränserna för statens maktutövning, eller om frågan bör hanteras annorlunda. I den avslutande analysen har detta utretts ytterligare tillsammans med en reflektion över vilka konsekvenser som kan följa av att dödshjälpen fortsätter hanteras såsom den gör idag eller om en förändring i hanteringen görs, och i så fall vad en sådan förändring kan innebära.

Genom att analysera detta har ambitionen varit att nå ett svar på frågeställningen om staten ska ha rätt att fortsätta begränsa individen genom straffhot, i fråga om dödshjälp, eller om individens självbestämmande ska ges större utrymme. Undersökningen har genomförts med hjälp av en rättsanalytisk metod tillsammans med rättsfilosofiska argument. En klassisk liberal utgångspunkt har använts, som sätter individen och dess frihet i fokus och därmed har ett kritiskt förhållningssätt anlagts på hur dödshjälpsfrågan hanteras idag.

Genom uppsatsens analys har författaren kommit fram till att dagens hantering av dödshjälpsfrågan lever upp till rådande kriminaliseringsgrunder. Det innebär att dagens hantering av frågan får sägas vara en legitim restriktion av individens frihet och utgör således en rättfärdigad maktanvändning från statens sida. Vidare att beroende på vilken rättsfilosofisk huvudposition som intas kan dagens hantering antingen betraktas som önskvärd eller inte önskvärd. Däremot har uppsatsen lett till att tillräckliga skäl talar för att någon förändring borde göras, eller kanske till och med krävs, i dagens hantering.

Slutligen har uppsatsen resulterat i svaret att staten bör ha rätt att fortsätta begränsa individen genom att med straffhot hantera dödshjälpsfrågan, men att individens självbestämmande samtidigt bör ges större utrymme. Förslagsvis genom att införa en lag som öppnar upp för möjligheten att söka sig till hälso- och sjukvården för att få hjälp att avsluta sitt liv. Om inget annat, finns tillräckliga skäl för att lagstiftaren åtminstone ska utreda frågan noggrannare. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Appelberg, Ebba LU
supervisor
organization
alternative title
Should the state have the right to decide over how I end my life? - About the (de)criminalization of euthanasia
course
JURM02 20201
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
straffrätt, criminal law, euthanasia, dödshjälp
language
Swedish
id
9010849
date added to LUP
2020-06-15 11:52:16
date last changed
2020-06-15 11:52:16
@misc{9010849,
  abstract     = {{Today, in the opinion of the legislator, euthanasia is regarded as a culpable, and punishable act according to the provisions in The Swedish Penal Code chapter 3 paragraphs 1 and 2. This means that if someone helps another individual with taking his or her life, with his or her consent, it will result in criminal consequences. However, because of the “altruistic nature” of the act, it differentiates itself from the other forms of willful killing. It usually results in much lower penalties. Yet, it has been stated that consent from the “victim” can never discharge the perpetrator from liability when it comes to euthanasia. 

The main purpose with the present essay has been to critically examine the Swedish regulation of euthanasia. This by, from a de lege lata-perspective, investigating whether the criminalization of euthanasia fulfills the present grounds of criminalization, and, therefore, can be regarded as a legitimate intervention on part of the state. Furthermore, the essay has been designed to, from a de lege ferenda-perspective, examine whether the regulation of euthanasia is considered desirable or if it should be regulated differently, specifically based on two theories of legal philosophy, which focus on the limits of the state’s exercise of power. In the final analysis chapter this has been further examined together with a reflection of which consequences that may result from keeping the regulation as it is, or if a change is made, and if so, what such a change could mean. 

By examining this the ambition has been to reach an answer to the question of whether the state should continue to restrict the individual through punishment in the matter of euthanasia, or if the self-determination of the individual should be given more space. The study was conducted using a legal analytical method together with legal philosophical arguments. A classic liberal starting point has been used, with the individual and his or her freedom as the prime focus. Thus, a critical approach has been adopted on how euthanasia is regulated today. 

In the analysis chapters, the author has concluded that the regulation of euthanasia meets the grounds of criminalization. This means that the regulation is to be considered a legitimate restriction of the freedom of the individual and, thus, a justified intervention by the state. Furthermore, depending on the legal philosophical position one takes the regulation of euthanasia can be either desirable or not. However, sufficient reasons that some change should be made, or maybe even are required, of the regulation of euthanasia has been discovered in the essay. 
Finally, the essay has resulted in the conclusion that euthanasia should continue to be a criminalized act. Hence, the state should continue to restrict the individual but, at the same time, give more space to the self-determination of the individual. Possibly by establishing a law allowing the individual to end his or her life by turning to healthcare services. If nothing else, there are sufficient grounds for the legislator to at least investigate the matter more thoroughly.}},
  author       = {{Appelberg, Ebba}},
  language     = {{swe}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{Ska staten ha rätt att bestämma hur jag får avsluta mitt liv? - Om (av)kriminaliseringen av dödshjälp}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}