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The Privatization of Migration Detention: State Responsibility for Offshore Detention Centers

Jonsson, Rebecca LU (2020) JURM02 20202
Department of Law
Faculty of Law
Abstract
In the last three decades, detention centers have become the preferred method to manage the migration flow in multiple states within the European Union (EU). In correlation to the increasing use of detention centers, there has been a shift from states having a type of monopoly on migration management functions, to an increase of states outsourcing their responsibility to private companies. When states outsource their responsibilities to private companies, and more specifically to Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC), they also distance themselves from the conduct and the potential human rights abuses that is taking place in the detention centers.

EU and the EU member states are now also considering to implement so-called... (More)
In the last three decades, detention centers have become the preferred method to manage the migration flow in multiple states within the European Union (EU). In correlation to the increasing use of detention centers, there has been a shift from states having a type of monopoly on migration management functions, to an increase of states outsourcing their responsibility to private companies. When states outsource their responsibilities to private companies, and more specifically to Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC), they also distance themselves from the conduct and the potential human rights abuses that is taking place in the detention centers.

EU and the EU member states are now also considering to implement so-called offshored detention centers which implies that the detention centers are no longer situated within the states territory, and subsequently, further distancing themselves from the detained migrants. By adding another layer of distance between the state and the migrants, it becomes increasingly difficult to hold a state responsible for the conduct in privatized offshored detention centers.

The purpose of the present thesis is therefore to determine how a EU member state can be held responsible for the acts and omission perpetrated by PMSC personnel in offshored detention centers, primarily through what is known as the functional jurisdiction approach. This approach has been recently put forward by Violeta Moreno-Lax in the pending case of S.S. v. Italy at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and it remains to be seen whether the ECtHR will accept this new interpretation of jurisdiction within art. 1 of The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

Furthermore, in view of the said purpose the thesis analyses if it is possible to hold a EU member state responsible through the current frameworks of ARSIWA and the ECHR and how the functional approach is interpreted by Moreno-Lax in the pending case of S.S. v. Italy.

It is concluded in the thesis that it is a near impossibility to find state responsibility regarding the aforementioned issue through the current frameworks of ARSIWA and ECHR. The latter framework is however pivoting towards a more situational and functional approach when determining extraterritorial jurisdiction. Additionally, it is also concluded that if Moreno-Lax interpretation of functional jurisdiction is accepted by the ECtHR, it could be applicable through analogy to determine state responsibility when human rights abuses have occurred in an offshored privatized detention centers. By analyzing the situation in toto, and not only focusing on the specific circumstance, the ECtHR would have a strong possibility of activating jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis through a state’s contactless-control. (Less)
Abstract (Swedish)
Under de senaste 30 åren har migrationsförvar (Engelska: Detention centers) blivit metoden att föredra när det gäller hanteringen av migrationsströmmarna i flera länder inom Europeiska Unionen (EU). I samband med den ökade användningen har det även skett en förändring från att stater har ett slags monopol gällande hanteringen av migrationsfunktioner till att stater delegerar (Engelska: Outsource) ansvaret till privata företag. När stater delegerar ansvaret till privata företag och mer specifikt till Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC), distanserar de sig från de händelser och potentiella överträdelser av mänskliga rättigheter som sker i migrationsförvaren.

EU och EU:s medlemsstater har nu börjat överväga att implementera... (More)
Under de senaste 30 åren har migrationsförvar (Engelska: Detention centers) blivit metoden att föredra när det gäller hanteringen av migrationsströmmarna i flera länder inom Europeiska Unionen (EU). I samband med den ökade användningen har det även skett en förändring från att stater har ett slags monopol gällande hanteringen av migrationsfunktioner till att stater delegerar (Engelska: Outsource) ansvaret till privata företag. När stater delegerar ansvaret till privata företag och mer specifikt till Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC), distanserar de sig från de händelser och potentiella överträdelser av mänskliga rättigheter som sker i migrationsförvaren.

EU och EU:s medlemsstater har nu börjat överväga att implementera migrationsförvar belägna utanför EU:s gränser, så kallad offshoring. Metoden skapar ytterligare distans mellan staten och migranterna och gör det svårare att hålla en stat ansvarig för de handlingar som sker i privatiserade migrationsförvar, som dessutom är lokaliserade extraterritoriellt.

Syftet med uppsatsen är därmed att fastställa hur en medlemsstat i EU kan hållas ansvarig för handlingar som begåtts av PMSC i extraterritoriella privatiserade migrationsförvar. Främst kommer det ske genom den så kallade funktionella jurisdiktionen (Engelska: Functional jurisdiction approach) som har lagts fram av Violeta Moreno-Lax i fallet S.S. v. Italy som är anhängiggjort vid Europadomstolen. Det återstår att se om Europadomstolen kommer acceptera den nya tolkningen av jurisdiktionen i ljuset av Europeiska konventionen om skydd för de mänskliga rättigheterna (EKMR), art. 1.
Mot bakgrund av det nämnda syftet kommer uppsatsen att analysera möjligheten att hålla en medlemsstat i EU ansvarig för handlingar som begåtts av PMSC i extraterritoriella privatiserade migrationsförvar genom ARSIWA och ECHR så som de ser ut idag. Det kommer även fastställas hur Moreno-Lax tolkar den funktionella jurisdiktionen i fallet S.S. v. Italy.

Uppsatsen drar slutsatsen att det är nästintill omöjligt att hitta statsansvar genom ARSIWA och EKMR så som de tolkas idag. EKMR lutar dock mer mot en händelseorienterad och funktionell metod när extraterritoriell jurisdiktion diskuteras, jämfört med ARSIWA. Dessutom konstateras det i uppsatsen att om Moreno-Lax tolkning av den funktionella jurisdiktionen godtas av Europadomstolen kan den även analogiskt tillämpas för att bestämma statsansvar när överträdelser av mänskliga rättigheter har skett i extraterritoriella privatiserade migrationsförvar. Genom att analysera situationen in toto har Europadomstolen en stark möjlighet att från fall till fall aktivera jurisdiktion genom en stats kontaktlösa kontroll. (Less)
Please use this url to cite or link to this publication:
author
Jonsson, Rebecca LU
supervisor
organization
course
JURM02 20202
year
type
H3 - Professional qualifications (4 Years - )
subject
keywords
Public International Law, Human Rights Law, Migration, State responsibility, Detention Centers, PMSC, Non-State Actors, ARSIWA, ECHR, Jurisdiction, EU
language
English
id
9034185
date added to LUP
2021-02-04 12:02:51
date last changed
2021-02-04 12:02:51
@misc{9034185,
  abstract     = {{In the last three decades, detention centers have become the preferred method to manage the migration flow in multiple states within the European Union (EU). In correlation to the increasing use of detention centers, there has been a shift from states having a type of monopoly on migration management functions, to an increase of states outsourcing their responsibility to private companies. When states outsource their responsibilities to private companies, and more specifically to Private Military and Security Companies (PMSC), they also distance themselves from the conduct and the potential human rights abuses that is taking place in the detention centers. 

EU and the EU member states are now also considering to implement so-called offshored detention centers which implies that the detention centers are no longer situated within the states territory, and subsequently, further distancing themselves from the detained migrants. By adding another layer of distance between the state and the migrants, it becomes increasingly difficult to hold a state responsible for the conduct in privatized offshored detention centers.

The purpose of the present thesis is therefore to determine how a EU member state can be held responsible for the acts and omission perpetrated by PMSC personnel in offshored detention centers, primarily through what is known as the functional jurisdiction approach. This approach has been recently put forward by Violeta Moreno-Lax in the pending case of S.S. v. Italy at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and it remains to be seen whether the ECtHR will accept this new interpretation of jurisdiction within art. 1 of The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

Furthermore, in view of the said purpose the thesis analyses if it is possible to hold a EU member state responsible through the current frameworks of ARSIWA and the ECHR and how the functional approach is interpreted by Moreno-Lax in the pending case of S.S. v. Italy. 

It is concluded in the thesis that it is a near impossibility to find state responsibility regarding the aforementioned issue through the current frameworks of ARSIWA and ECHR. The latter framework is however pivoting towards a more situational and functional approach when determining extraterritorial jurisdiction. Additionally, it is also concluded that if Moreno-Lax interpretation of functional jurisdiction is accepted by the ECtHR, it could be applicable through analogy to determine state responsibility when human rights abuses have occurred in an offshored privatized detention centers. By analyzing the situation in toto, and not only focusing on the specific circumstance, the ECtHR would have a strong possibility of activating jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis through a state’s contactless-control.}},
  author       = {{Jonsson, Rebecca}},
  language     = {{eng}},
  note         = {{Student Paper}},
  title        = {{The Privatization of Migration Detention: State Responsibility for Offshore Detention Centers}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}